LEXPEEPS editor – Page 454

Case Number

1043

Equivalent Citation

AIR 2003 SC 1043

Bench

V.N. Khare Cj, K.G. Balakrishnan, S.B. Sinha

Decided On

17 January, 2003

Relevant Act

Section 25 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986

Brief Facts

This Particular case is based on Constitutional Validity of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. A Writ petition was filed by the Defendants i.e. Vishwabharthi House Building Co-op. Society on 18^th December, 1998 in front of the division bench of the High Court of Karnataka for challenging the entire section 25 of the Consumer Protection Act on the grounds that it is not at all proper and does not provide any sort of proper protection to the consumers under any sort of circumstances. The petitioners have raised a lot of claims stating that this particular act is really very helpful and it protects the citizens from any sort of frauds and discrepancies which they might face on the basis of the products or services and also from fraudulent practices of the sellers. The court had given their strong opinion on the basis of section 25 of the act which talks about enforceability of certain orders of either District, State or National Commission. A writ petition under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution had been filed too on this regard. This particular act was drafted properly in the year 1983 during a conference by UNESCO. The General Assembly and all the other member states had made the following contention on the basis of the fact that Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is actually important for the consumers so as to protect themselves from any problem. The statement was made as follows:

“Taking into account the interests and needs of consumers in all countries, particularly those in developing countries, recognizing that consumers often face imbalances in economic terms, educational level, and bargaining power, and bearing in mind that consumer should have the right of access to non-hazardous products, as well as the importance of promoting just, equitable and sustainable economic and social development, these guidelines for consumer protection have the following objectives:

(a) To assist countries in achieving or maintaining adequate protection for their population as consumers;

(b) To facilitate production and distribution patterns responsive to the needs and desires of consumers;

(c) To encourage high levels of ethical conduct for those engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services to consumers;

(d) To assist countries in curbing abusive business practices by all enterprises at the national and international levels which adversely affect consumers;

(e) To facilitate the development of independent consumer groups;

(f) To further international cooperation in the field of consumer protection;

(g) To encourage the development of market conditions which provide consumers with greater choice at lower prices.”

Issue Before the Court

Whether the Provisions and Sections mentioned clearly under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 are actually constitutionally valid or not?

Ratio Decidendi of the Case

This Particular Case is based on the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Judgment

The Judgement was made by the Court in a very critical and statistical manner. The court had looked into each and every section of this act really much properly and also the court took cognizance of important cases which were involved on the basis of the Consumer Protection Act. one such case was L Chandra Kumar v. Union of India & Ors. [1997] 228 ITR 725 (SC). In this particular case the court had completely held that the constitutional provisions are vested towards the parliament and even the state legislatures along with the powers so as to divest the traditional courts which are running at our country at quite considerate portion of their work method. It was also looked that the parliament and state legislature actually possessed quite a legislative competency with effect to certain changes in the original Jurisdiction apart from the authorization hierarchy which flows from Article 323-A and B of Entries 77-79 and 95 of list 1. The reasons which are portrayed in Section 3 of the act completely state that it is really much proper and also quite justifiable that this act is helping the citizens a lot on the basis of various atrocities by the sellers and service providers. Talking about section 27 and 25 of the Act, this states that it is really very different as compared to Article 226 and 32 of the Constitution of India. Section 27 also talks about the fact that it has a clear- cut power upon the various forums i.e. District, State and also National and also the Commissions on the basis of completing certain important orders on the basis of consumer protection. A Parliamentary statute indisputably can create a tribunal and might say that non-compliance of its order would be punishable by way of imprisonment of fine, which can be in addition to any other mode or recover. It is well settled that the cardinal principle of interpretation of statute is that courts or tribunals must be held to possess power to execute their own order. There are lot of provisions which the court had analysed very much critically and also in a very observant manner so as to come into a proper conclusion of this case. After a lot of deep analysis along with taking help from some landmark cases, the court had clearly held that all the provisions under this act is constitutionally correct and they have stated that Consumer Protection Act is definitely constitutionally valid. All the sections match the articles of the constitution of India since it creates a clear authority and also it mentions about the Original and Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court and Supreme Court. This was quite an important and fair judgement made by the court and provided justice to the state because of the fact that consumer protection act is actually helpful and does contain constitutional status without any hassle.

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LEXSPECTRE INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME

LexSpectre is calling for Interns for its month long Internship Program, wherein participantswill be at a freedom to intern under various heads.

Legal Content Writers
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*You can choose one or more than one field according to your liking.

ABOUT US

LexSpectre is an initiative by aspiring students with an aim to enhance legal knowledge. We have a full-fledged team of writers who are working hard to bring into light the changing. circumstances in the legal world and acquaint our readers with all the information through articles, news updates and posts which will help them learn and keep them updated.

Who Can Apply –

Law Students UG (1 – 5 year) from recognised Law School

Last Date to apply –

14 September 2020

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WORKWISE DISTINCTIONS

LEGAL CONTENT WRITERS ( Duration 1 Month)

During the course of the Internship, various tasks will be given to you on a weekly basis, each week prioritizing on enhancing a single core concept, which will eventually help you in your routine legal schooling. You’ll have the opportunity to interact with Members of our Advisory Board, under whose guidance, we’ll try and tackle some pertinent questions pertaining to life after law school.

SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT CREATORS (Duration 1 Month)

As a social media content creator, you are require to create the content which will be posted on the social media platforms of the platform.
Basic knowledge of poster editing software such as Photoshop, Canva
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Give your valuable feedback, suggestions, and ideas to the LexSpectre Team

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As a part of the Event Management Team, you are required to come up with practicable ideas of the events, deciding theme and inviting guest.
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Basic knowledge of WordPress is required.
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Perks

Certificate of Internship will be provided to every individual, future internship opportunities with team LexSpectre
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*Non-Compliance of any guidelines will lead to immediate termination of your Internship with LexSpectre.

Further, as per your performance and diligence towards the tasks, you may be offered with some extra time to work with us.

We hope that you are up for these tasks and are looking forward to the good learning experience with Team LexSpectre.

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The Opinion

The Opinion is a publication based on Medium. We publish short articles on social and legal subjects, providing an opportunity to the early writers who face trouble in finding people who can review, enhance, publish, and promote their pieces.

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Cup of Court

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Co-Authorship is allowed to maximum 2 authors.

The length of manuscript should be 700-1500 words excluding endnotes. Longer posts maybe accepted subjected to the discretion of editors. All the submissions must be in .doc or .docx format and must be mailed at cupofcourt.blog@gmail.com

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Authors of High- Quality Blogs may get an opportunity to work under our editorial team as Associate Editor.

For more information visit here https://cupofcourt.law.blog/submission/

This article is written intending to explain the incident of Vizag gas leakage and the concept of strict liability. Picture credits to Live Law

Introduction

The Vizag gas leak also known as Visakhapatnam gas leak, was an industrial accident that took place at the LG Polymers chemical plant in the R. R. Venkatapuram village of the Gopalapatnam neighbourhood, located at the outskirts of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, during the early morning of 7 May 2020.

This incident is believed to be one of the most horrifying tragedy in the history of India, which took 12 lives, and thousands of lives affected due to toxicity in the air. People were afraid relating it to the Bhopal gas tragedy which holds a special place in the list of most tragic incident.

What Led to the Tragedy?

Clear cut negligence” and “gross human failure” on the part of LG Polymers, was responsible for the Visakhapatnam Styrene gas leak on May 7, says the report filed before the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by a special committee. The report indicates that LG Polymers had not complied with basic safety norms. More than 800 tonnes of Styrene, a gas which is hazardous and can cause respiratory illness and skin irritation, had leaked from the plant owned and operated by LG Polymers.

The concentration of Styrene in the air at Venkatapuram village, which is about 100 meters from the factory, was beyond hazardous levels at 461 ppm on May 7, 374 ppm after over 24 hours on May 8, and remained at 1.5 ppm even on May 10, three days after the disaster. The concentration remained at over 41.2 micrograms even till May 14 and reduced to below 16.7 micrograms by May 16 revealed the sampling done by a team of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) personnel.

More About Styrene

Styrene is an organic compound used in the manufacture of polymers/plastic/resins. It is manufactured in petrochemical refineries and is a likely carcinogen. It can enter the body through respiration, but also through the skin and eyes. According to India’s Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules 1989, styrene is classified as a “hazardous and toxic chemical”. Short-term exposure to styrene in humans results in irritation in the mucous membrane and eye, and gastrointestinal problems. Long-term exposure impacts the central nervous system, leading to headaches, fatigue, weakness, depression, dysfunction, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy.

A highly reactive chemical, Styrene is used to manufacture polystyrene and needs to be stored at less than 18-degree celsius to ensure that it does not polymerise. The process of polymerisation is one where monomers of styrene combine with each other to form larger chains is exothermic i.e. the process generates heat.

As the temperature increases, so does the rate of polymerisation. Unless this process is contained by arresting the polymerisation, this process can lead to a dangerous increase in temperature and pressure.

According to the committee’s report, several key lapses were found in the plant’s adherence to safety norms. Among these were, the only temperature monitoring gauge at the bottom of the tank, the outdated design of the tank, absence of any interlock system arrangement between the temperature monitoring and refrigeration systems, and no external water spray arrangement over the tank in case of temperature increase

In its findings, the committee stated that neither the factory inspector nor the fire officials were aware of how to deal with chemical disasters, and the district administration of Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram did not coordinate rescue and relief efforts.

Concept of Strict Liability

The principle of strict liability states that any person who keeps hazardous substances on his premises will be held responsible if such substances escape the premises and causes any damage. It was evolved after the case of Rylands vs Fletcher. Where a person, F had a mill on his land, and to power the mill, F built a reservoir on his land. Due to some accident, the water from the reservoir flooded the coal mines owned by R. Subsequently, R filed a suit against F. The Court held that the defendant built the reservoir at his risk, and in course of it, if any accident happens then the defendant will be liable for the accident and escape of the material.

Essentials of strict liability-

Dangerous Substance
Escape
Non-natural use

It can be said that if a person brings on his land and keeps some dangerous thing, and such a thing is likely to cause some damage if it escapes then such person will be answerable for the damaged caused. The person from whose property such substance escaped will be held accountable even when he hasn’t been negligent in keeping the substance in his premises.

Conclusion

If we have a tendency to take into account the said incident of gas leak , then it appear that the strict liability invoked by the NGT was wrong because the facts and circumstances of the case of LG Polymers, it’s evident that the character of the substance used and also the activities of each the businesses (UCIL and LGPI) square measure similar in nature, and thereby, the principle of absolute liability ought to are applied during this case too. the applying of the principle of absolute liability doesn’t need the explanation for incident or the ‘consent’ of the facility’s operators to be famed to create any enterprise liable. The liability is triggered by the mere escape of venturesome substances, regardless of the cause. Hence, NGT ought to have invoke absolutely the liability. In my opinion, the government officials involved should be taken to task immediately by the High Court and departmental inquiries should be initiated against such officials and it should be seen that the people responsible in our system along with the Directors of the Company, are awarded the maximum punishment for such deliberate negligent act, which claimed innocent lives. Only then, it will act as a deterrent for different officers and corporations who act in such brazen defiance of the statutory norms. This incident proves the actual fact that regardless of what proportion we tend to attempt, till and unless we tend to raise our voice against corruption, innocent lives can still get sacrificed.

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This article has been written by Prithiv Raj Sahu, a student of KIIT School of Law, Bhubaneswar (4th year). He can be reached on the LinkedIn account (https://www.linkedin.com/in/prithiv-raj-sahu-4b6994192). Picture credits to NDTV

Introduction

NOTA, or “None of the above”, is the option which enables the voter to officially register a vote of rejection for all candidates who are contesting. If a voter chooses to press NOTA it indicates that the voter has not chosen to vote for any of the party. It has been provided as an option to the voters of India in most elections since 2009. In India, in 2009, the election commission of India asked the Supreme Court to offer the voter NOTA option at the ballot as it would give voters the freedom of not selecting any undeserving candidate. The government was not in favour of such an idea.

The peoples union for civil liberties which is an NGO filed a public interest litigation statement to favour NOTA. Finally on 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the right to register a “none of the above” vote in elections should apply, while ordering the Election Commission to provide a button for the same in the electronic voting machines. The NOTA vote does not matter in the election, so if nota gets majority nothing happens and the person with more votes will win. Since its introduction, NOTA has gained increasing popularity amongst the Indian electorate, securing more votes than the victory margin, for instance, in the Assembly Elections in Gujarat 2017, Karnataka (2018), Madhya Pradesh (2018) and Rajasthan (2018).

The ECI introduced a particular symbol for ‘None of the above’ option to allow the voters to exercise NOTA. This symbol appears in the last panel on all Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). ECI has stated that even if, in any extreme case, the number of votes against NOTA is more than the number of votes secured by the candidates, the candidate who secures the largest number of votes among the contesting candidates shall be declared to be elected. In a clarification released in 2013, ECI has stated that votes polled for NOTA cannot be considered for determining the forfeiture of security deposit. In 2014, ECI introduced NOTA in Rajya Sabha elections. In 2015, Election Commission of India announced the symbol for ‘None of the above’ option, with the design being done by National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad.

Positives of the NOTA system

Although there are lots of negative points about ‘None of the above’ option in elections to voters, the positive points also cannot be ignored. The very intention of the Supreme Court of India was to force the political parties to project candidates with clean background as their candidates. The candidates who win the election become part of the legislature, governing the country. It was, therefore, felt mandatory that candidates with criminal or immoral or unclean backgrounds are deterred from contesting the elections. If this option of ‘None of the above’ is implemented with its true intent, the whole political scenario of the country will drastically change from the present scenario.

Negatives of the NOTA system

Some of the countries, who initially introduced such option to the voters, later discontinued or abolished the system. In countries where voting machines contain a NOTA button, there are chances of it receiving a majority of the vote and hence “winning” the election. In such a case, Election Commission may opt any of these options

a) Keep the office vacant,

b) Fill office by appointment,

c) Hold another election. The State of Nevada, in such a situation, has a policy of no effect whatsoever and the next highest total wins.

Legal Provisions in India

What is rule 49-O? And how is it different from NOTA?

According to Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 rule 49-O says that “Elector deciding not to vote.-If an elector, after his electoral roll number has been duly entered in the register of voters in Form-17A and has put his signature or thumb impression thereon as required under sub-rule (1) of rule 49L, decided not to record his vote, a remark to this effect shall be made against the said entry in Form 17A by the presiding officer and the signature or thumb impression of the elector shall be obtained against such remark.” The difference between 49-O and NOTA is that 49-O does not provide secrecy. The Section 49 (O) stood annulled after the SC cleared the NOTA provision. It gave the poll officials a chance to find out the reason behind the rejection of a candidate through the voter’s remarks in Form 17A. Through NOTA, the officials cannot find out the reason for the rejection. Moreover, it protects the identity of a voter, thus keeping the concept of secret balloting intact.

Invalidation of Rule 49-O

In judgement of 27 September, 2013, the Supreme Court directed that the Election Commission should make necessary provision in the ballot papers/EVMs for “None of the Above (NOTA)” option so that the electors who do not wish to vote for any of the candidates can exercise their right not to vote for any candidate without violation of the secrecy of their decision. Rules 41 (2), 41(3) and 49-O of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were held to be ultra vires Section 128 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. On 11 October 2013, the Election Commission released a notification declaring that the NOTA option would be provided on voting machines and the option under rule 49-O would not be available any longer.

Conclusion

Voting lets you express your opinion during elections by giving the opportunity of voting to him/her. This right will allow neutral choice while voting. Importance of NOTA can be noted when the voter doesn’t want to anyone or finds no candidates who deserve to be elected. Voter’s contribution is crucial in a democratic nation like India. Presenting NOTA can help in catching increment in the percentage of votes. Not voting at all causes dissatisfaction and lack of engagement, which is definitely not a solid indication of a growing democratic country. The importance of NOTA is that it is alternative to no vote at all and NOTA alternative gives the voter the privilege to express his or her objection towards the participating candidates. At the point when the candidates will understand the numbers of citizens who are not happy with them or doesn’t find the right candidate for handling the nation.

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About Us

Think India National Article Writing Competition has been organized every month for the past one year. More than 6,500 students, academicians and research scholars across the country have participated in the previous editions of the competition. We are delighted to launch the 14th Edition of the National Competition.

Articles are invited on either of the following topics:

1. Should India revise the Age of Marriage?

2. Bharat Ratna Pranab Mukherjee: Life & Lessons

3. Militarising the Quad: An Indian Perspective

4. Indian Constitution without Kesavananda Bharati

5. Multi-disciplinary Education & Indian Institutions

6. Violent Protests in a Constitutional Democracy

Publication

Selected articles, as recommended by the Editorial Board, shall be published in a Book titled Vichar Manthan (September Edition) ISBN:9798683623722

Awards & Certificates

1. E-certificates of participation will be provided to all the participants who make a valid submission in line with the Submission Guidelines mentioned herein.

2. The three best entries shall be awarded a cash prize worth ₹1000/- each along with e-Certificates of merit.

Eligibility

Students/Research Scholars enrolled in any UG/PG/Ph.D. course, Academicians associated with any educational institution (University/College), Professionals across various fields practicing in India.

Submission Deadline

25th September 2020.

Submission Guidelines

1. The participants are required to register themselves and make their submissions on the URL: http://bit.ly/AWCompt

2. The file must be in .doc/.docx format and the file size should not exceed 1 MB.

3. Language of the Article may be either English or Hindi.

4. Each submission must have its own Title on the basis of topic selected.

5. The body of the submission must be in the format as specified. [Font: Times New Roman or Mangal (For Hindi), Size:12, Line-Spacing: 1.5, Justified].

6. Submission must contain footnotes, wherever required. All footnotes must be in the format as specified. [Font: Times New Roman, Size: 10, Line-Spacing: 1.0, Justified].

7. The word limit for the articles is 1200-1500 words, exclusive of footnotes.

8. An article can be co-authored by a maximum of two participants.

9. The file name of the submission must be as follows: a. In case of Single Author – ‘<first name><last name>’ e.g. Aditya Kashyap.docx b. In case of Co-authors – ‘<first name of Author 1> & <first name of Author 2>’ e.g, Aditya & Shiva.docx

10. Submissions with a similarity percentage above 15 percent will be automatically rejected and the respective participants would not be eligible for receiving e-certificates of participation.

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About the Organisation

White Black Legal (ISSN 2581-8503) is open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal provide dedicated to express views on topical legal issues, thereby generating a cross current of ideas on emerging matters.

This platform shall also ignite the initiative and desire of young law students to contribute to the field of law. The erudite response of legal luminaries shall be solicited to enable readers to explore challenges that lie before lawmakers, lawyers and the society at large, in the event of the ever-changing social, economic and technological scenario.

About the Journal

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Authors will be provided with the following: A soft/hard copy of Certificate of Publication and Journal.

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Any appropriate theme related to the socio-legal aspect is acceptable.

How to Submit?

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdQ8gOBFTDUSRQxHYipTbQPMG9qe737bCUrf-LlHZd2E8SVpg/viewform

The manuscript should be in MS Word format.

The title of the manuscript should be appropriate.
The manuscript shall be original and unpublished.
The submission should not be plagiarized, and free from grammatical, spelling and other errors.
Full names of all the author(s) must be given.
Any uniform method for citation may be followed.
The body of the manuscript shall be in Times New Roman, font size 12, 1.5 line spacing. Footnotes should be in Times New Roman, size 10 single line spacing
A margin of 4 cm shall be left on all sides of the paper.
Page borders shall not be used.

Word Limit

Articles: 3000-5000 words including footnotes

Short Notes: 2000-3000 words including footnotes
Book Reviews: 1000-2000 words including footnotes
Case Commentaries: 1000-3000 words including footnotes

Important Dates

Last Date of Submission of Full Manuscript: 10th September 2020.

The publication/certificate will be released on a rolling basis within 48 hours of payment.

Publication Details

The fee is to be paid after acceptance of the Manuscript.

Rs. 800 for Single Authored manuscript

Rs. 1000 for Co-authored manuscripts (Max. 2, including the author)

Rs 1200 for 3 authored manuscripts (Max. 3, including the author)

Contact

Varun Agrawal: +91 99906 70288

Email: editor[at]whiteblacklegal.co.in

Find the website here:-https://www.whiteblacklegal.co.in/

Human Rights Law Network (HRLN)

Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) is a division of the Socio-Legal Information Centre (SLIC).SLIC is a non-profit legal aid and educational organization, registered under the Registration of Societies Act, 1860, Indian Public Trust Act, 1950 and the Foreign Contributions (Regulation) Act, 1976.

Benefits

– The volunteers will get the unique opportunity of working for human rights cases from their campus on a regular basis involving issues of criminal justice, prisoner’s rights, women’s rights, environmental protection, slum demolitions, labour rights etc.- The volunteers get the opportunity to interact with other students interested in human rights from all across the country and abroad through a common platform for the exchange of ideas for human rights activism and research.
– The volunteers get a real world perspective on human rights protection in India through their direct involvement with HRLN’s initiatives.
– The volunteers gain research and organisational experience related to human rights balanced against their academic schedule in college.
– The best Campus Volunteers will get an opportunity to apply for the post of National Student Co-ordinator for future batches.

Eligibility

All law students are eligible to apply.
Deadline for academic year starting 2017: 10th September, 2017.
If you are interested in becoming our Campus Volunteer, please send your application form, a writing sample and CV to campusvolunteers.hrln@hrln.org with a title in the subject line of your email: ‘Campus Volunteer for SLIC: (mention month)’.

For more information visit here https://hrln.org/page/campus-volunteers

About the journal

The Journal Committee of Institute of Law, Nirma University hereby invites articles/research papers, case studies, and book reviews on law and allied areas for publication in the Nirma University Law Journal (July 2020 Issue) bearing ISSN Number 2249-1430. The journal is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed publication from Institute of Law, Nirma University. It show cases contemporary issues and challenges specific to law, with an interdisciplinary approach towards assimilating knowledge. It is an endeavor of the Institute to become the beacon of legal education bye n couraging synthesis of knowledge and best practices cutting across the academia and research fraternity. The Journal is indexed in Manupatra, SCC Online, Indian Citation Index and HienOnline and is erstwhile recognized by University Grants Commission (UGC) vide journal no. 49209 and post CARE listing, the journal is in the process of obtaining the enlistment.

Topics

This issue of NULJ is dedicated to the wide array of contemporary legal issues. Thus, the journal invites submission on any broad area of law would accept submissions under Open Theme category. Preference shall be given to original manuscripts highlighting contemporary legal issues with national and international significance.

The authors are free to write on any topic that they wish to contextualize.

Submission guidelines

Word Limit: Submissions should not exceed:
Research papers (4,000- 6,000words),
Shortnotes (2000-3000 words),
Bookreviews (1000-2000 words), and
Case studies/commentaries (1000-3000 words).
Eligibility: Entries from students pursuing Bachelors or Masters in Law and allied discipline of Social Science; Professionals, People from legal Academia would beaccepted.
Authorship: Maximum of two authors per entry.
CitationStyle: The BluebookUniform System of Citation (20th edition) shall be strictly adhered to. The main text should be in Times New Roman, size 12 with a 1.5 line spacing and the footnotes shall be in size 10 with 1.0 line spacing. This shall be a strict compliance for papers to be accepted for review process.

The journal is guided by a well defined ‘Ethical policy’ which gives no scope for plagiarized submission. Thus, authors are strictly requested to follow the plagiarism policy for academic submissions published by UGC, or visit our website for further details @ nulj.in

Publication policy

The submissions must be original and should not be under consideration in any other journal. Articles with plagiarism andcopyrightissuesareliabletoberejected immediately. NirmaUniversity Law Journal is not to subject to any liability which may arise in this regard.

Submission of work must be made to Nirma University Law Journal, is indicative of the fact that the authors grant exclusive permission to NULJ to publish and reproduce their work in all streams of media. Such rightis subject to the doctrine off air use as followed under the law relating to Intellectual Property Rights and subject to the entitlements of theauthor.

The editors reserve the right to delete or edit any article or part thereof whose content is found to be offensive, defamatory, out rightly unethical, or if it is suggestive of racism, sexual or religious discrimination, illegal or terror activities etc. The article is subjected to rejection if its content is likely to offend the religious or political sentiments of thereader.

A process of peer-review shall be used to scrutinize all the submissions. Following this the authors of selected papers will be notified of the results.

TIMELINE

Call for papers: 25th August 2020
Submission of Abstract: 25th September 2020
Submission of full paper: 31st October 2020

Contact details

For any further queries, kindly contact us on the following number or email id:

Shubham Vijay- Mob: 95718 78165 – E-mail: nulawjournal@nirmauni.ac.in

For more information visit here https://nulj.in/index.php/nulj/announcement/view/2