Month: September 2021

INTRODUCTION

“No democracy can long survive which does not accept as fundamental to its very existence the recognition of the rights of minorities”.

These lines of sir. Franklin D. Roosevelt clearly portrays the importance of protection of the rights of minorities in a democracy. Long years back, due to the fear of adversity of religious persecution the minorities like Muslims, Christians, and Anglo- Indians etc. fled to India seeking an asylum. Later, India became an amalgamation of all these ethnic and religious diversities. But at the same time, the intolerance of diversity in culture had led to shedding of lots of blood and lives. So, as a result of the suggestion put forward by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, the constituent assembly on 22nd January 1947 adopted the safeguard mechanism for the minorities, depressed backward classes and tribal areas of the country.

Even though many rights and provisions were formulated under the “Special Provisions Relating to Minorities” in article 292-301 of part XIV of the constitution but it got restricted to cultural and educational rights. The constitution got implemented under the rationale of constituent assembly of promoting development of backward classes but not to reserve the cultural personalities. This led to the lack of representation of religious minorities in politics; civil services etc. later the preamble was amended under 42^nd amendment 1976 by including the word secular in constitution thus it led to the addition of certain constitutional provisions for minorities. But even though we states India to be secular, there is a sense of crisis that the minorities face in the country. In a democratic country like India, if the minorities are provided with proper rights and regulations and if they are able to have a proper access towards their rights it depicts the acceptance of diversity and thus makes the word “democracy” more meaningful.

DEFINITION  OF MINORITY

The word “minority” is not defined in Indian constitution. However the constitution under article 30(1) refers minorities as linguistic and religious minorities. In the Kerala education Bill, Supreme Court stated that: “it is easy to say that minority means a community which is numerically less than 50 per cent, the important question is 50 per cent of what? Should it be of the entire population of India, or of a state, or a part thereof? It is possible that a community may be in majority in a state but in a minority in the whole of India. A community may be concentrated in a part of a state and may be thus be in majority there, though it may be in minority in the state as a whole. If a part of a state is to be taken, then the question is where to draw the line and what is to be taken into consideration a district, town, a municipality or its wards”.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO MINORITIES

India, the second most populous country in the world embraces huge number of individuals belonging to different religion, language and culture.  Here 19% of the population of the country is constituted by their religious minorities like: Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and Zoroastrians. The rights on religious freedom are explicitly expressed in Indian constitution under articles 25- 28. It’s not only under the provision of religious freedom but also under the other fundamental rights as well the rights of minorities are interpreted. They are:

ARTICLE  15

• Article 15 (1) prohibits the state from the discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, race, place of birth and sex.
• Article 15 (2)  states that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, restriction, or condition regarding the access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment or the use of  wells, tanks, bathing Ghats, roads and places of public resort, maintained wholly or partially out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

As these sub clauses referred above defines the core meaning of article 15, the article 15 (3), 15(4), 15(5), 15(6) laid down the exemptions provided for 15(1) and 15(2).

• Article 15 (3) states that the State can make special provision for women and children. It is under this provision that courts have upheld the validity of legislation or executive orders discriminating in favour of women.
• Article 15 (4) states that the state can make provisions for the advancements of   social and educationally backward citizens, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.
• Article 15 (5) was inserted in Indian constitution under the 93^rd amendment act, 2005 which enables the state to make provisions for the progress of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.  
• Article 15(6) was inserted in the constitution under 103^rd amendment act, 2019. It states that nothing in the article  or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 or clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making, (a) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and (b) any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent. Of the total seats in each category.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination against any citizens on the basis of caste, sex, religion, place of birth etc. this article was amended by 93^rd  amendment, 2005 for providing reservations to SC, STs and backward classes in private unaided educational institutions.

ARTICLE 17

Under this article, untouchability is abolished and practising it in any form is punishable. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law.

ARTICLE 25

This article refers to the freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. The sub clause (1) of this article states that: “subject to public order, morality and health and to other provisions of this part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice ad propagate a religion”.

ARTICLE 26

The article states about the freedom to manage religious affairs subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof  shall have the right:

• To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
• To manage its own affairs on the matters of the religion;
• To own and acquire movable and immovable property;
• To administer such property in accordance with law.

ARTICLE  27

The article confers on freedom as to payment of taxes for the promotion of any religion. No person shall be compelled to  pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically  appropriated in the payment of  expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.

ARTICLE 28

Under the article it is stated that the freedom as to the attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

These articles from article 25-28 states about religious rights of every individual who is a citizen of India. But these articles are quite relevant in this era where religious persecutions towards minorities takes place.

ARTICLE 29

It refers that every citizens residing in any part of the country, belonging to any sections,, having distinct language, script or culture have the right to preserve it. Unlike the article 25-28, this article provides protection for both the linguistic and religious minorities. And the word “ sections” used in the article states that the law is also applicable for the majority as well.

ARTICLE  30

This article states that the minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutes of their choice. Unlike article 29, this article is only applicable to linguistic or religious minorities.

ARTICLE 350-B

This article was inserted for the appointment of special officer for minorities by the president to investigate and carry out activities related to safeguarding the rights of linguistic minorities.

CASE LAWS

1. ST. Xavier’s college vs. state of Gujarat [1]: in this case supreme court had stated that the spirit behind the article 30 (1) is the conscience of nation that the minorities, religious as well as linguistic are not prohibited from establishing and administering educational institutions of their choice for the purpose of giving their children the best general education to make them complete women and men of the country.

• S.P. Mittal vs. Union of India[2]: in this case, the supreme court had stated that :

In order to claim the benefit of article 30(1), the community must show:

• That it is religious or linguistic minorities.
• That the institutions are established by it.

• Andhra Pradesh Christian medical association vs. government of Andhra Pradesh [3]: it was held by the court that the institution in question was not a minority institution. The court classified that the protection of article 30(1) is not available if the institution is a mere cloak or pretension and the real motive is business adventure.

SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FACED BY  MINORITIES IN INDIA

Whether it be religious or linguistic, the major issues that are faced by all sections of minorities are similar.  If we are taking the case of human nature, we are quite hostile towards the aspects that disturb our uniform pattern of life. Whatever it be, we seem to get intimidated and reluctant to adapt or co- exist with the arrival of differences in our surroundings. It really requires a huge amount of time to get adapted to it. Just like that, in case of minorities, they face a huge struggle of identity due to this reluctance in accepting diversities by majorities. Most of the time, due to the difference in cultural, social and economic background the minorities are forced to adjust with the means of majority. And again it’s a common human nature to exert power over weaker by the stronger. A minority being less in number compared to the majority group of people develops a sense of insecurity regarding their existence, property and wellbeing. These issues of identity and security are common to both religious and linguistic minorities.  But there are certain issues that certain religious minorities face in India. In India, despite being a secular country, religion is still a complex issue.  There are a lot of changes that had taken place during the course of past few decades. Minorities now enjoy equal rights on par with the majority group in India. The reservation facilities are provided for minorities, representations at political level are also available, the discrimination at religious centres are now abrogated under law and both our president and prime minister are now hailing from the minority communities. But still there are lots of people who aren’t accessible to these rights. There are lots of persecutions on the basis of caste and religions that still take place.  The major reason behind all the issues are our intolerance or unacceptance to adapt or co- exists with the situation.

CONCLUSION

In a vast country like India which is made up of diverse cultures, backgrounds, religions, identities etc. it really requires to maintain a sense of equality among its citizen to provide a meaning to the term democracy. The core reason behind all these discrimination are based on the nature of unacceptance of diversities. We tend to commit heinous crimes to eradicate the population which chooses a different set of traditions to follow. But these intolerance can lead India to get collapsed from being a secular country to communal. And India is known to the world by the term “diversity”. It is beautiful when the people irrespective of their differences are co-existing.

END NOTES

1. 1975 SCIR (1) 173.
2. 1983 SCR (1) 729.
3. 1986 SCR (2) 749.
4. https://indiankanoon.org/
5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA: J.N PANDEY
6. https://blog.ipleaders.in/minority-rights-constitution-india/

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This article is written by, Nourien Nizar, Government law college, Ernakulum, Kerala.

Administrative Discretion

Discretion has defined as the freedom or authority to make judgments and choose amongst the various available alternatives without reference to any predetermined criterion, no matter how fanciful that choice may be. Administrative discretion means to choose from among alternatives with justification and not according to personal whims.[1]

The legislature and the executive two pillars set up by the Constitution. The fact is that Parliament can not legislate on all aspects of a certain matter and simply vest authority in the executive to implement the same. In certain instances, it is required to leave certain gaps in law and allow the sole discretion of the executive authorities on a case-to-case basis. Administrative discretion is problematic but indeed the government can not function without the exercise of some discretion by officials. It is important not only for the individualization of the administrative power but it is impossible to rule for everybody. But it also trues that absolute discretion is a ruthless master. There has been a conflict between the claims of the administration to an absolute discretion and subject to a reasonable exercise of it.

Indian Approach for Administrative Discretion

 India has formulated a parameter for the exercise of discretion, the concept of judicial behavior still halting, variegated, and lacks the activism of the American courts. Judicial control of administrative discretion is exercised at two stages:

• The administrative authority ceased to function the authority vested in it.
• The authorities exercised discretion incorrectly with mala side, improper purpose, and under the influence of another body.

Control at the stage of delegation discretion – the court exercises control over dictionary powers of the administration by adjudicating upon the constitutionality of the law under such powers are vested concerning the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution. If the law confers indistinct and wide discretionary power on any administrative authority, it may declare ultra vires Article 14 and 19 and the other provisions of the constitution. In cases of delegated legislation, courts are satisfied with the statements and policy but not in the case of fundamental rights to states conferring administrative discretion. This is the main reason behind less administrative arbitrariness than administrative discretion lies from case to case.

Control at the stage of exercise of discretion – In India there is no Administrative Procedure Act providing for judicial review on the exercise of administrative discretion. Therefore, they developed various formulations to control the exercise of administrative discretion. These formulations may be converted into two groups.

• The authority has not exercised its discretion at all when it failed to exercise discretion “non-application of mind” – In this, the court exercises judicial control over administrative discretion if the authority has been abdicated its power or either jurisdictional nonexistent and wrongly determined. The authority which has discretion power can be compelled to exercise it, but it’s not necessary to exercise in the same manner.
• Abuse of discretion– the formulation has been developed by courts in India to control the exercise of discretion by the administrative authority. Improper exercise of discretion includes such things as mala fide, improper purpose, irrelevant or relevant considerations, no material, misdirection of law and fact, unreasonableness.

Mala fide

 It means with bad intention, not in good faith. The term mala side used by courts is a broad term, in the case of Jai Chand v.State of West Bengal,[2] the Supreme Court observed that exercise the power of mala fide does not mean to imply any element on turpitude is attached to it as in the case of mala fide. In the procedure of decision-making, mala fide is allowed. Malice may be either a fact or the law. The case that motives behind an administrative action is personal animosity, spite, personal benefit to the authority itself or friends. 

Pratap Singh v. State of Punjab[3]

The appellant, a surgeon in the employment of State Government, was granted leave preparatory to retirement, but it was revoked and he was suspended under disciplinary action was started against him on the charge that he had accepted Rs. 16 bribe from the patient before going on leave. The appellant alleged these charges and had been initiated at the instance of the chief minister to wreak the personal grudge against him because he had refused to yield to their illegal demands of his. The Supreme Court held that exercise of power to be mala fide.

G. Sadanadan v. State of Kerala[4]

The DSP (Civil Supplies Cell) passed a detention order against those kerosene dealers who will operate without a license and dealing in kerosene illegally. It was alleged that DSP was acting mala fide because his brother was a competitor in the same business. The DSP did not file a counter affidavit in court against his charges. The court quashed the action.

Improper Purpose 

The statutes confer power for one purpose, and that is used for different purposes will not be regarded as a valid exercise of powers that will be quashed. In modern times, the cases have been increased because the conferment of broad discretion power has become a usual tendency. 

R.L. Arora v. State of uttar Pradesh[5]

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 allowed the state government to give consent to acquisitions property for industrial purposes if it is useful for the public. The government has assented to the acquisition of property by a textile factory. It was challenged because the government could not interpret the statute and exercised discretion on the same as well. The court held that the purpose of the statute was to allow the acquisition when the construction of a work after acquisition would be a benefit to the people. In this case, the benefit would arise after construction, when it’ll function. The order of the government was struck down because it violated the mandate of legislation.

 Irrelevant or Relevant Consideration 

A discretionary power must be exercised on relevant consideration, not on irrelevant consideration. It means power must be exercised into account consideration that is mentioned in the statute. If it is not mentioned in the statute then power is to be exercised on considerations relevant purpose that is conferred. If the authority has used power for irrelevant cases then it would be ultra vires and quashed.

Barium Chemicals Ltd. V. Company Law Board[6] 

Under section 236 of the companies Act, the CLB can order an investigation against the company if the company is being conducted for defrauding the creditors or the persons involved in the management are guilty of fraud and other things or full information has not been given about the company. The investigation was ordered in the case on the ground that continuous losses owing to faulty planning and many directions had left the board. This order was challenged and the court held that this order state that these grounds were irrelevant and extraneous to the purpose that is mentioned in the statute.

No Material 

All discretionary action must be based on sound material and facts. There should be the application of mind when discretion action has taken even the discretion vested in the authorities. 

Misdirection of Law and Fact

Sometimes authorities may act beyond the scope of the powers given by the law, and it may make such mistakes and it came as a misinterpretation of the law and facts that go beyond the scope of the power vested in them. If such a mistake concerned the better place by law is made, it would vitiate the exercise of discretion.

Unreasonableness 

The statute may require the authority to act reasonably. The courts have stated that the authority should consider the question fairly and reasonably before taking action. The term unreasonableness does not furnish independent grounds of judicial control powers apart from the grounds already mentioned. The term may include those cases where the authority has acted according to law but in the wrong manner and either according to law and right manner but on wrong grounds. 

Proportionality 

Judicial control has been formulated to check the exercise of administrative discretion. This ensures that unfettered power is not given to authority that allows arbitrary decision-making. The rule of proportionality means to ensure there is nexus between the aim that has to be attained and the means undertaken to do so.  An application of this rule is in departmental hearings where the punishment was given to employees is grossly out of proportion considering the wrong committed.

Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India[7] 

In this case, an army official was court-martialled in response to a minor indiscretion committed by him. He challenges the order in which the Supreme Court held that rule of proportionality demanded that punishment should be given nexus with the act committed and is proportional to the same. 

Conclusion 

The activities of abusive administrative control are ever-increasing because more and more discretion is being given to administrative authorities and without any interference from other bodies. The courts are interfering in abusive administrative discretion but it still respects the process of decision-making that authorities have. The only check courts imposing is that manner of making decisions should be fair.

---

[1] William T. Meleod, The New Collins Concise Dictionary of the English Language,319 (1985).

[2] 1967 AIR SC 483.

[3] 1964 AIR SC 72.

[4] 1966 SC.

[5] 1964 AIR SC 1230.

[6] 1967 AIR SC 295.

[7] 1987 AIR SC 2386.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. William Alexander Robson, Administrative Law, https://www.britannica.com.
2. Abuse of Administrative Discretion, http://www.legalservices.com.
3. http://www.manupatrafast.com.
4. https://www.scconline.com.
5. https://www.law.cornell.edu.
6. 8 Student Advoc. 170 (1996) Control of Abuse Administrative Discretion:judicial Trends, http://heinonline.org.

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This article is written by Prachi Yadav, a 2^nd year student from Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Rajasthan.

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2nd-5th Year Law Students (Those in 5-Year Integrated Course) and 2nd-3rd Year Law Students (Those in the 3-year LLB course)

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Last Date to Apply

September 10,2021

Editor: Mudit Jain

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About Pathak & Associates

We work by the name of Pathak & Associates, a full-service law firm based in Indore (Madhya Pradesh). We provide all kinds of legal services to individuals and corporate and government organizations. Our area of work includes – civil, criminal, taxation, intellectual property rights, cyber rights, etc. at all courts, forums, and authorities in the entire Madhya Pradesh and adjoining states and all metro cities.

About the work from home job/internship

Selected intern’s day-to-day responsibilities include:

1. Engage in the daily reading of 2 case laws and preparation of notes of such cases, in a format provided to you (those 2 cases would also be provided by us)
2. Handle weekly reading of one landmark case, as prescribed by the syllabus of advocate-on-record by the hon’ble Supreme Court (such landmark case would also be provided by us)
3. Work on the weekly research topic, on which everyone has to work and submit the work at the end of the week, on or before the specified date
4. Watch the video (which will be shared a link with you regarding the online legal discussion, which is available on YouTube and other online forums) and prepare the necessary short note

Who can apply ?

Only those candidates can apply who:

1. are available for the work from home job/internship in the month of September 2021.

2. are available for duration of 1 month

3. have relevant skills and interests

Perks

• Certificate

Additional Information

The virtual internship would be followed by weekly online-session by our partner of the firm.

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Interested Candidates can mail his/her details on juris.intern@gmail.com

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About the Journal

The NLSIR is the flagship law review of the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India. It is a bi-annual, student-edited, peer-reviewed law review providing incisive legal scholarship on contemporary legal issues.

NLSIR has the distinction of being cited twice by the Supreme Court of India, with the latest one in the landmark judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. NLSIR has also recently been cited in the Justice Srikrishna Committee Report and Justice R. S. Bachawat’s Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, a leading treatise on arbitration law in India. 

Over the years, the NLSIR has sought to provide incisive legal scholarship on issues at the forefront of contemporary legal discourse. NLSIR Online was launched as a step forward in this direction.

Call for Submissions

NLSIR is inviting submissions for its forthcoming Print Journal Volume 34.

Please send in your submissions before 31 December 2021.

Additionally, the Editorial Board accepts submissions for the online journal on a rolling basis. The submission categories for both, print and online journal are as follows: 

NLSIR Journal, Volume 34

Submission Categories

• Long Articles: Between 5,000 and 10,000 words. Papers in this category are expected to engage with the theme and literature comprehensively, and offer an innovative reassessment of the current understanding of that theme. It is advisable, though not necessary, to choose a theme that is of contemporary importance. Purely theoretical pieces are also welcome.
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Please note: All word limits are exclusive of footnotes. The journal is flexible regarding the word count depending on the quality of the submission. Pieces in any of the above categories with relevance to India or Indian law are particularly welcome. This, however, is not a prerequisite. Furthermore, kindly refer to the website for the requisite information on formatting and policies. 

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About WhatsApp

WhatsApp is a fast-growing communication company with over 1 billion active users globally. We help bring friends, families, communities, doctors, storm chasers, and millions of others together. We are just getting started. We are looking for the best individuals to grow and support this incredible community of users. WhatsApp has been ranked as one of the Top 25 most downloaded apps in over 100 countries in the Apple App Store and has received over 1 Billion installs from Google Play. This role is broad and could involve, among other things, regulatory, intellectual property, law enforcement, encryption, integrity, privacy, and telecommunications matters, compliance and payments. You must have flexibility to adapt to changing priorities and organizational needs. In addition, you must have the ability to operate independently in a fast-paced, small but growing environment and work proactively with various teams, including communications, policy, business, product management, engineering, finance, tax, and customer support teams

Associate General Counsel, WhatsApp

Responsibilities

• Advise company in connection with regulatory, payments and fintech matters.
• Advise company on compliance, privacy, and payments issues.
• Manage a large portfolio, arising out of regulatory matters, intellectual property, privacy, integrity, telecommunications, and encryption.
• Represent WhatsApp externally to various audiences
• Some travel may be required
• Work may involve projects in other areas, including areas involving unfamiliar subject matters

Minimum Qualifications

• LLB and excellent academic credentials from a top law school.
• 10+ years of relevant experience, including prior in-house experience with Internet or technology companies and/or a law firm.
• Ability to work in fast-paced environment.
• Experience working with in-house clients and business partners.

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About UnitedLex

UnitedLex is a technology and legal services company committed to delivering full-scale Digital Transformation. The world’s most forward-thinking law departments rely on the company’s expertise in over 25 global jurisdictions. Founded in 2006, the team includes 3,000 legal, engineering, and technology professionals with major operations in 18 countries.
We create solutions that uniquely solve challenges, ranging from basic to bet-the-company. We fuse legal pedigree with business pragmatism and an overriding focus on our clients. We think holistically: We guide, design, implement, and financially commit to the innovative strategies and solutions we provide.
As a fast-growing company, we are committed to hiring talented individuals, providing a great workplace culture, continuously developing our employees, and providing interesting, challenging, and innovative work. Our global platform is the perfect place for hard-working, forward-thinking professionals from all walks of life to nurture and grow careers.
UnitedLex is committed to preserving the confidentiality, integrity and availability of all the physical and electronic information assets throughout the organization. Consistent with the UnitedLex ISMS policy and the ISO 27001 standard, every employee is responsible for complying with UnitedLex information security policies and reporting all security concerns, weaknesses and breaches.

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Domain Knowledge:

• Should have good workable knowledge of MSAs/NDAs/SOW/Amendments/Termination Letters/Order Forms.
• Knowledge of IT contracts will be an added advantage.
• Perform various contracting activities from pre-signatures to post-signatures and from low to medium to high complexity tasks / contract review.

Client Management and Reporting:

• Understand client requirements and respond to them in accordance with their requirement with minimum deviations from SOPs/Guidelines.
• Able to communicate with client effectively both verbally and in writing.
• Should possess knowledge of basic contracting terms and provisions and be able to provide legal resolutions keeping in mind the client’s interest.
• Ensure adherence to Turn Around Time.
• Build a strong working relationship with clients based on faith, trust, and performance. Robust daily interaction with clients – calls, video calls, in person (when possible).
• Ensure a zero-surprise and accountable relationship with clients.
• Ensure compliance with client contracts and exceed client expectations.

Experience:

• 1 to 2 years of relevant post qualification experience.

Communications Skills:

• Excellent English verbal and written communication skills.
• Ability to express ideas in a crisp and precise manner.
• Ability to articulate and lead conversations through preparedness and anticipation.
• Good listening skills: allowing everyone in the team the room to participate and challenge thoughts and ideas.

Education Qualifications:

• Graduate or postgraduate in Law.
• Any technical accreditations like Company Secretaryship, PMP certification or Six Sigma certifications will be an advantage.

Work Conditions:

• Stretch occasionally to meet client requirements.
• Willingness to travel on client related work internationally when required. Must have a valid passport.
• Adhere to UnitedLex and Client confidentiality and information security policies.
• Operate in a work window of 9 hours based on US based clients’ requirements for having certain amount of overlap in shift timings.
• COVID work environment: If working from home, must have a quiet working environment with a broadband connection with a minimum of 4mbps speed.
• Telephone and broadband reimbursement as per company policy.
• All specific company policies to apply without exception.
• Compulsory adherence to ISO/IEC 27001: 2013 guidelines.

UnitedLex is committed to preserving the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all the physical and electronic information assets throughout the organization. Consistent with the UnitedLex ISMS policy and the ISO 27001 standard, every employee is responsible for complying with UnitedLex information security policies and reporting all security concerns, weaknesses, and breaches

Link to apply

https://ekkk.fa.us6.oraclecloud.com/hcmUI/CandidateExperience/en/sites/CX/job/30000658?utm_medium=jobshare

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Facebook seeks a highly motivated, team player to serve as Lead Counsel, Litigation, Regulatory for India. You will manage significant and complex litigation matters and advise internal teams on legal risks. The role requires good judgment, a strong work ethic, and a keen interest in learning about new technologies and areas of the law. This is a great opportunity to join a growing legal team and to work on novel issues in a fast-paced, fun environment. This is a full-time position based in our office in Singapore or possibly in India.

Lead Counsel – Litigation, Regulatory

Responsibilities

• Supervise and direct outside counsel on multiple litigation matters
• Provide support to internal teams on legal requests related to third-party content
• Work with cross-functional teams on a range of issues, including data protection, policy, product, and regulatory issues
• Develop creative approaches to managing legal risks and resolving disputes
• Ensure work product of the highest quality that furthers Facebook’s strategic goals
• Open to travel where possible as and when required

Minimum Qualifications

• LLB, JD or equivalent degree and excellent academic credentials
• Minimum of 5+ years experience at a law firm or in-house or working in a senior counsel’s office as a litigator
• Familiarity with Internet laws and issues, including issues relating to online platforms and intermediary liability
• Candidates must be flexible and willing to work on projects in other areas

About the Facebook company

Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together. Through our family of apps and services, we’re building a different kind of company that connects billions of people around the world, gives them ways to share what matters most to them, and helps bring people closer together. Whether we’re creating new products or helping a small business expand its reach, people at Facebook are builders at heart. Our global teams are constantly iterating, solving problems, and working together to empower people around the world to build community and connect in meaningful ways. Together, we can help people build stronger communities — we’re just getting started.Facebook is committed to providing reasonable support (called accommodations) in our recruiting processes for candidates with disabilities, long term conditions, mental health conditions or who are neurodivergent, and to candidates with sincerely held religious beliefs or requiring pregnancy related support. If you need support, please reach out to accommodations-ext@fb.com.

Link to apply

https://www.facebook.com/careers/resume/?req=a1K2K0000030RovUAE

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About the IIT Kanpur

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur is a public technical and research university located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was declared to be an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under the Institutes of Technology Act.

About the opportunity

Applications are invited for the post of Project Assistant in the Dean, Resources & Alumni Office of IIT Kanpur. The work is related to administrative in nature (Full Time).

The appointment is purely contractual and the duration of the appointment is initially for one year or till the end of the Project whichever is earlier.

Job Description

• To handle and maintain the office file management system so that the required documents may be easily accessed or retrieved.
• To store all the documents (originated from DORA office and received from other offices) digitally on daily basis
• Secretarial Practice with computer applications
• Other miscellaneous task assigned time to time

Qualifications

Minimum Qualification

Graduate (B.Sc./ B.A./ B.Com./ BBA/ BCA/ LLB)

Desirable Qualification

Applicants must be a graduate preferably with at least 2 years of job-related experience.

Skills Required:

• Skilled in functioning of office equipment.
• Skilled in Microsoft Office tools (such as excel, word, ppt)

Application procedure

A self-attested copy of resume in the prescribed format along with copies of academic/professional qualifications and experience is a must and shall be sent by September 16, 2021, on the below-mentioned address.

The envelope containing the complete application should be superscribed as “Application for the post of ‘Project Assistant’ Advt. No. P.Rect./IP/DOAD/2021/34” and must be sent to 
The Assistant Registrar, DORA Office, Room No. 268, 2nd Floor (Faculty Building), IIT Kanpur-208016 (U.P.) through postal service of India.

Selection

The shortlisted candidates will be informed by email/phone for the interview.

Note: No TA/DA will be paid for attending the interview

Link to Apply

https://www.iitk.ac.in/doad/data/DOAD-Forms/Office-Order-related-to-Project-Employee/DOAD-IP-203.pdf

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About NLUALR

NLUA Law Review is one of the flagship journals of National Law University and
Judicial Academy, Assam. It has been established with the objective of becoming a formidable
instrument in taking the standard of legal research in the country up by several notches. It is
an Annual Peer reviewed Journal focusing on inter- disciplinary and multi-disciplinary
approaches towards legalwriting. The Journal is run by a Student Editorial Board and assisted
by a Faculty Editorial Board.
The Journal aims to publish articles, case comments, book reviews on all aspects of law
and related issues. Here special emphasis is placed on contemporary legal studies along with
its foundational philosophical thoughts.
The Journal aims at giving the opportunity to legal academia, research scholars,
students, advocates and activists working for enhancement of legal scholarship. Hence,
the Journal will serve as the platform for innovative thought sharing and will aim towards
contributing in dynamic growth of legal knowledge. Here participants can discuss/analyse
the contemporary legal challenges in Law in the form of articles, case notes, review articles
etc.

About the University

The National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam (NLUJAA) was established
by the Government of Assam by way of enactment of the National Law University and
Judicial Academy, Assam Act, 2009 (Assam Act No. XXV of 2009). The Hon’ble Chief
Justice of the Gauhati High Court is the Chancellor of the University. NLUJAA promotes and
makes available modern legal education and research facilities to its students, scholars
and faculty drawn from across the country, including the North East, hailing from different
socio-economic, ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds.

About Submission

The Editorial Committee of NLUA Law Review is inviting quality research papers from:
Academicians and professionals (inter/multi-disciplinary with law); Judges and Advocates; Research Scholars; and Students, if the editorial board deems it fit to be an extraordinary work of scholarly
merit.

CATEGORIES OF SUBMISSION

Research paper should be thematic and identification of sub-themes will be highly
appreciated. It should have proper research questions and should also reflect the findings. The
submission can be sent under the following categories:

1. Research Articles (5000 and 7000 words) Authors have to submit research papers
   which comprehensively examine the topic. It should reflect innovative re-assessment
   of the theme. It is advisable, though not necessary, to choose a theme that is of
   contemporary importance. Purely theoretical-analytical pieces are also welcome.
2. Notes / Comments: (2000 and 3500 words) This section should include a thought
   provoking and innovative piece consisting chiefly of personal opinions, analysis or
   criticism on recent development from the legal perspective.
3. Case / Report Comments: (maximum 2500 words) This part should entail an
   analysis of recent Indian or International judicial pronouncements relevant to the
   themes. It must identify and examine the line of cases in which the decision in question
   came about, and comment on implications for the evolution of that branch of law.
4. Book Review: (1000- 1500 words) The Reviewer should identify the relevant
   arguments put forth by the author and present a comprehensive analysis of the same.
   The Hard copy of the book must be provided.
   [Word limit is inclusive of footnote]
   GUIDELINES FOR SUBMISSION 1.Submissions should be in Times New Roman, 12 fonts with 1.5 line spacing, justified
   text and 1 inch margins on all sides of an A4 sheet. 2.Footnotes should be in Times New Roman, 10-font size with 1.0 line spacing. 3.Endnotes / Bibliography and in-text citations are not allowed. 4.Graphics, Charts, Tables, and Diagrams should be numbered consecutively
   and included in the body of the work.
5. Headings should follow the following standard:
   a. TITLE OF THE SUBMISSION: Upper-case, bold, font size 14
   b. HEADINGS: Upper-case, bold, font size 14
   c. Sub-Headings: Title-case, bold, font size 12
   d. Sub-Sub-Heading: Title-case, italics, font size 12
6. Submissions must contain an Abstract (250-300 words) that outlines the main questions
   or themes addressed in the paper followed with five Keywords.
7. Submissions must be emailed at nlualr@nluassam.ac.in (only in .docx format). The
   cover letter should include the author’s profile.
8. The submission must be the original work of the author and must not have been
   submitted elsewhere or pending review.
9. Co-authorship is allowed. Maximum number of Co-author for a submission shall only
   be one.
10. Mode of citation will be OSCOLA (Oxford University Standard for the Citation of
    Legal Authorities), latest edition
11. For further queries kindly e-mail at nlualr@nluassam.ac.in.
    COPYRIGHT
    The Journal shall retain all copyright arising out of any publications and only the moral
    rights will vest with the author.
    SUBMISSION DEADLINE
    The Last Date for submissions is September 30, 2021
    MODE OF SUBMISSION: Online only
    The manuscript should be accompanied with the author’s name, designation, institute,
    contact number and e-mail for future reference.

Brochure

Link for brochurehttp://14.139.213.155/nlualr/?p=175

Editor: Mudit Jain

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