Tag: lawschool

INTRODUCTION

In a world where all the countries are running towards development, a lot of industries are being established and excessive utilization of natural resources is taking place. Today, nature’s resources are facing extinction and the whole world is planning to save the resources for the coming generations and future use. In this process, there are chances that the development of the countries may decelerate. For the development and protection of natural resources to go hand in hand, sustainable development has been introduced. The most popular definition of sustainable development is described as development that satisfies current demands without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. There are two major ideas in it:

• the idea of needs, especially the basic requirements of the world impoverished, to which top emphasis should be given; and
• the notion that the environment’s capacity to fulfil existing and future demands is constrained by the level of technology and social structure.

The Brundtland Report, also known as Our Common Future, was issued in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development and is where the phrase first appeared. Sustainability recognizes a comprehensive viewpoint that links a community’s economy, ecology, and society. This admits that an economy exists within a society and that society exists within the ecosystem of the world. The angle highlights how closely connected we are to nature.

VARIOUS PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1.  Inter-Generational Equity: The principle talks about the right of every generation to get benefits from natural resources. Principle 3 of the Rio declaration states regarding the right to development which meets the needs of the present and the upcoming generations. The main aim behind this principle is to make sure that the present generation should not excessively use non-renewable resources which would deprive the benefit of the next generation.

• The Principle of Precaution: This is often regarded as the most fundamental concept of ‘Sustainable Development.’ Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration is about the protection of the environment. The states are expected to use their capabilities through the precautionary method to protect the nation. Cost-effective methods must be used to develop the states and protect the environment from serious threats and irreversible harms.

•  Principle of Polluter Pays: The Rio Declaration in the principle 16 states that the national authorities try to vitalize internalization of the costs of the environment and the economic mechanisms must be used with proper care in the interest of the public without disturbing the international

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND INDIA

India has switched to sustainable development as it has been considered that nature’s protection plays a crucial part in the development of the nation. With the alarming decrease in the number of non-renewable resources that paves a path to the development of the country, India decided to use renewable natural resources and stop the excessive usage or destruction of the resources and protect nature. When United Nations considered sustainable development to be a healthy method, many countries along with India adopted it. The constitution earlier hasn’t declared any provisions to protect the environment but later Article 21¹ of the Constitution interpreted that the Right to life also implied “the right to live in a healthy environment” explicitly. Various laws implemented by the Indian legal system to protect nature and pave the way for sustainable development are:

• The National Green Tribunal Act 2010;
• The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
• The Environment Protection Act, 1986, etc.

THE ROLE OF THE INDIAN JUDICIARY

Being a developing nation, India had rapid industrialization and economic growth in recent years. However, it harmed the environment in the country. The Supreme Court of India had a vital role in defining the term Sustainable development. This battle for environmental protection was headed by Justice Kuldip Singh also known as the Green Judge. Most Environment-related cases are approached in front of the Higher courts of India through PILs (Public Interest Litigation) under Article 32 or 226.

Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India² was the first case in which the Supreme Court used the idea of “Sustainable Development.” In this instance, a disagreement emerged over certain tanneries in Tamil Nadu. These tanneries were releasing effluents into the Palar River, which served as the state’s primary supply of drinking water. The Supreme Court stated that the court had no problem in declaring the principles, of precautionary and polluter pays as a part of the Indian Environmental law. Restructuring or reviving the harmed environment is the process of Sustainable Development. The polluter is liable and must pay the costs for the victims who’ve been affected and also have to pay for the environmental destruction.

This case has been a landmark judgement which has been given by the Supreme Court. The Idea of Sustainable Development has been made clear by it. This has benefitted a lot to the society. It has been made clear that the polluter has the liability to pay for the damage that he has caused to the environment since the pollution of the environment is considered to have disturbed the aim of sustainable development by polluting its surroundings. Following that, the Apex Court clarified and applied the idea of Sustainable Development in several rulings. In Narmada Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India³, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India said “Sustainable Development indicates what sort or degree of development may take place, which can be supported by nature with or without mitigation.”

The Supreme Court used the precautionary principle in M.C Mehta v. Union of India⁴. In this case, the precautionary principle was applied. A PIL was filed stating that the use of coal/coke has caused a lot of environmental havoc and also regarding the increasing pollution around Taj Mahal, i.e., Acid rains have increased a lot and caused a change in colour of the monument’s marble. It can be inferred from the Supreme Court’s judgement that due to the rapid industrialisation in that area, there have been acidic emissions present in the atmosphere. The issue was taken seriously as this would impact both biotic and abiotic ecosystems. It was also stated by the court that any industry which can’t use natural gas instead of coal or coke can relocate to any other industrial area away from the Taj Trapezium Zone.

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL

India has actively taken part in the UN 2030 Agenda which focuses on the improvement of the environment and tackling climate change through the sustainable development method as it is the most viable method to better the environment without interrupting or stopping the process of development rather, bringing in the healthy way of development. The UN 2030 Agenda has established around 1200 environmental courts and tribunals to promote sustainable development through the judiciary for a better society. The National Green Tribunal was established by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. This statute controls the handling of civil lawsuits involving nature preservation and environmental protection. Legal rights relating to the environment are mentioned.

It has been said in the case of Sterlite Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board & Ors⁵ by the NGT while ruling in favour of the firm. It was stated by the court that the regulations regarding the environment need to be enforced strictly however, no action shall be taken just on mere suspicion. The precautionary principle must be applied when reliable scientific evidence reveals that there is a likely signal of some environmental harm or health danger without implementing suitable preventative actions.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)

In the year 2015, the Members of the UN along with India adopted the Sustainable development goals which consist of 17 objectives and 169 targets to fulfil for the eradication of poverty and pollution. Economic growth, Environmental safeguards and Inclusion in society are the objectives of sustainable development goals. The sustainable development goals are inclusive of many factors that affect society in a better manner than the millennial development goals. In T. DamodharRao v. S.O. Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad⁶, “the court stated that, according to Articles 48-A and 51A(g), it is clear that environmental protection is not only the responsibility of every citizen but also of the State and all other state organs, including courts.”

FULFILMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS BY INDIA

India is said to have fallen 3 spots in 2022 and is currently in 120^th position as per the Centre of Science and Environment’s State of India’s Environment Report, 2022. India has attained a score of 66 out of 100. One of the main reasons for the demotion of rank is the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, the poor in India have become poorer. However, the Sustainable development goals have improved a lot in society. Along with an aim to eradicate poverty which has happened to be effective, according to the survey of the Times of India, it has been observed that the forest area in India has increased and ranks 3^rd globally in an average annual net gain in forest area between 2010 to 2020. It has also been observed from the survey that there has been a rapid increase in economic growth along with conservation, ecological security & environmental sustainability. The state governments also play a major role in sustainable development. India also has the SDG India Index to monitor sustainable development within the premises of India.

CONCLUSION

As important as the improvement of the industries and development of the nations, it is more important to conserve nature and its resources, especially those which are non-renewable. There is a saying by Mahatma Gandhi, “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.” The only way that all the countries can develop is by protecting the environment through Sustainable development. India being a developing nation, has a huge necessity for development while approaching the required goals through sustainable development methods. However, through the incentives taken by the Indian Government, the process of development and conservation of nature is going hand in hand, in a peaceful manner.

There are many laws introduced in India. However, through the supervision of the situations, there are amendments made to the laws. The Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021, which aim to phase out single-use plastic by 2022, were announced in August 2021. The extended producer responsibility for plastic packaging regulation draft has been made public. On July 1^st 2022, the Indian government banned single-use plastic to reduce pollution. This is a huge step toward the reduction of land and water pollution. India also plans to meet its goal of the UN Agenda to reduce emissions in India by 2030. The method of Sustainable development paves the path for future generations to utilize the resources to develop their society in the coming time

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CITATIONS

¹ The Constitution of India 1950, art. 21.

² Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India, 1996 5 SCR 241.

³ Narmada Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India, 10 SCC 664.

⁴ M.C Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1988 SC 1037.

⁵ Sterlite Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and others, 2019 SCC OnLine SC 221.

⁶ T. DamodharRao v. S.O. Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad, AIR 1987 AP 171.

This article is written by K. Mihira Chakravarthy, currently enrolled in 1^st year, B.A. L.L.B. at Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University (DSNLU).

Late many years have seen a change in the strategy conversation of orientation and training away from an emphasis on female ‘weakness’ towards a worry with male ‘underachievement’. This blog gives an outline of late exploration on orientation and instruction. It is primarily worried about a conversation of the variables forming distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive accomplishment and field of study. It isn’t expected to suggest that these are the main results of concern. Notwithstanding, an itemized investigation of how tutoring influences more extensive individual and social turn of events (for instance, self-idea) is outside the boundaries of the section. The spotlight here is essentially on evolved nations, albeit large numbers of the issues examined have more extensive importance. The primary area gives an outline of distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive accomplishment and accomplishment across nations. The subsequent area centers around factors which shape such distinctions in sexual orientation, including more extensive socialization, the idea of school association, and youngsters’ everyday encounters inside the school. The third area portrays a few mediations that have been utilized to advance orientation value in instructive results.

In virtually every country there is a sure measure of orientation disparity in training, in certain nations young ladies outflank young men, and in others, they are not permitted to go to class (Parsons, 2009). In the created world, young ladies are almost certain than young men to go onto college (Parsons, 2009) however in the creating scene numerous young ladies can not arrive at auxiliary school (Marshall, 2014). There can be various types of orientation imbalance, particularly in the creating scene. In the Global South, young ladies face hindrances in getting to training, frequently because of well-established social and social practices, like inclination for a child’s schooling, brutality against young ladies’ inside the home and in instructive foundations, and family obligations and homegrown commitments (Marshall, 2014).

In India explicitly, each of the previously mentioned hindrances exists, as well as various more limited size gives that emerge, like the absence of young ladies’ latrines or absence of female educators. The range of deterrents that young ladies face in getting to even the lower levels of training implies that a multi-disciplinary, comprehensive methodology is expected to advance the circumstance in India. There are numerous meanings of the orientation hole contingent upon what the idea of the exploration is centered around. For this review, the meaning of orientation hole is the distinction in quantities of guys and females, for instance in training it would be the contrast between the number of females and guys that had signed up for a specific year of tutoring or the distinction in the scholastic accomplishment of young ladies and young men. This exploration will zero in on the orientation hole in auxiliary and advanced education organizations in India.

CROSS-PUBLIC EXAMPLES IN INSTRUCTIVE FULFILLMENT AND ACCOMPLISHMENT

In taking a gander at distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive results, recognizing three arrangements of results: (i) instructive support and fulfillment, that is to say, how far young ladies and men go inside the schooling system; (ii) instructive accomplishment, that is to say, how well young fellows and ladies perform (for instance, regarding grades) at a given level of the schooling system; and (iii) field of review, or at least, the sort taken inside the school system is significant.

(i) Educational support and achievement

By and large, men in Western nations would in general have higher instructive fulfillment levels than ladies (Spender and Sarah, 1980). At present, among the grown-up populace (that is, those matured 25 to 64), men are found to have more long stretches of tutoring and are bound to arrive at upper auxiliary training (or higher) than ladies in two out of three created nations (OECD, 2005). In any case, zeroing in on the grown-up populace all in all masks significant changes among ongoing associates of youngsters. If by some stroke of good luck the most youthful age-bunch is thought of (that is, those matured 25 to 34), the authentic example is switched with female fulfillment levels higher than male rates in two out of three nations. Right now, upper optional graduation rates are higher among young ladies than young fellows in most OECD nations (OECD, 2005). Moreover, in around two out of three nations, female graduation rates for tertiary training are equivalent to, or surpass, male rates in about two out of three OECD nations. High-level exploration degrees are the main level where men keep on overwhelming mathematically (OECD 2004, 2005). Indeed, even at this level, massive changes have occurred with the extent of females among doctoral alumni in the United States, for instance, expanding from 14% in 1971 to 42 percent in 1998 (England et al., 2004).

(ii) Educational accomplishment

There are two different ways of evaluating instructive accomplishment: right off the bat, by checking out (distinctions in sexual orientation in) execution on (broadly or cross-broadly) state-sanctioned trial of capacity; furthermore, by taking a gander at how young ladies and men perform based on evaluation frameworks utilized inside their public (or local) school systems. These two methodologies enjoy corresponding benefits in investigating distinctions in sexual orientation. Cross-broadly state-administered tests yield bits of knowledge about the degree to which distinctions in sexual orientation in a similar result shift across nations. Country-explicit evaluation yields extremely helpful bits of knowledge about distinctions in sexual orientation in execution and capabilities accomplishment which will affect admittance to additional schooling, preparation, and work.

(iii) Field of study and course decision

Disregarding critical expansions in young ladies’ instructive fulfillment, stamped distinctions in sexual orientation endure in the sorts of courses taken inside the school system (Bradley, 2000). Across European nations, designing courses at the upper auxiliary level will quite often be overwhelmingly male while wellbeing/government assistance, expressions/humanities, training courses, and sociology/business courses are lopsidedly female (Smyth, 2005). Inside tertiary training, ladies are over-addressed in the fields of humanities, expressions, schooling, well-being, and government assistance while young fellows are over-addressed in math and software engineering, designing, assembling, and development (OECD, 2004).

The schooling system – As well as investigating the effect of more extensive cultural patterns on instructive results, analysts have progressively centered around how the idea of the tutoring framework itself adds to the creation and propagation of distinctions in sexual orientation. This and the accompanying segments investigate the effect of various variables, including the school system at a large scale level, school association and culture, and whether schools are coeducational or single-sex in profile.

Two parts of the school system have been recognized as key in molding distinctions in sexual orientation in scholarly results: the nature and timing of separation into various courses or tracks, and the methodology taken to understudy evaluation. Buchmann and Charles (1995) suggest that, where instructive decisions are made at an early age, they are bound to be oriented run-of-the-mill and that this component, combined areas of strength with work market linkages (for instance, through occupationally-explicit preparation), implies that orientation isolation is probably going to be more articulated in nations with exceptionally separated, professionally arranged frameworks.

ORIENTATION BLEND INSIDE SCHOOLS

Perhaps the earliest significant investigation of co-education (Dale, 1969, 1971, 1974) demonstrated positive formative results for understudies in blended orientation schools with no adverse consequence on instructive results. Conversely, the resulting concentrates on featured a benefit to young ladies going to single-sex schools with regards to their scholastic grades and the probability of concentrating on less ‘conventional’ subjects. Contrasts among coeducational and single-sex schools were ascribed to male strength of homeroom communication, instructor mentalities and assumptions, peer culture, and various ways to deal with review among male and female understudies (see, for instance, Spender and Sarah, 1980; Deem, 1984). Specialized progress in the field of school viability (utilizing staggered or various leveled straight displaying) implied that more exact assessments could be determined of the impacts of the school orientation blend, well beyond those of understudy foundation factors.

MALE AND FEMALE OR GUYS AND FEMALES?

A portion of the conversation of distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive results seems to set ‘male’ and ‘female’ as the main pertinent differentiations. Be that as it may, a significant and developing collection of examinations demonstrates the complicated manners by which orientation collaborates with different factors, for example, social class foundation and nationality. Without a doubt, the development of orientation can shift across various gatherings of young ladies and young men; there are numerous ‘masculinities’ and ‘femininities’ (Connell, 2002). In an investigation of elementary younger students, Reay (2001) found that young ladies took up extremely changed positions comparable to customary femininities: ‘decent young ladies’, ‘chicks’, ‘flavor young ladies’, and ‘spitfires’ and thus, that’s what she contended: “doubles like male: female, kid: young lady frequently keeps us from seeing the full scope of variety and separation existing inside one orientation as well as between classifications of male and female” (p.163). It is significant, consequently, to go past regarding orientation as a variable that ‘makes sense of’ various results and take a gander at how youngsters develop and establish orientation over the long run (Scott, 2004).

STRATEGY INTERCESSIONS AND ORIENTATION VALUE

Strategies connecting with orientation value in training have fallen into four principal classifications: hostile to segregation regulation, the advancement of support in contemporary branches of knowledge, single-sex classes and additionally schools, and the improvement of ‘kid agreeable’ materials, educating, and evaluation techniques. Normally, distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive results may likewise be formed by more extensive instructive changes not unequivocally pointed toward advancing orientation value.

A scope of regulative measures has precluded direct victimization of either orientation in instructive arrangement across various created nations. In the United States, Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972 restricted sex separation in schooling with resulting regulation, (for example, the Women’s Education Equity Act 1974) giving assets to advancing orientation value in training. Additionally, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 in Britain made it unlawful to avoid young ladies or young men from specific courses. Notwithstanding, it is challenging to unravel the effect of such regulation from the course of more extensive social change (Stromquist, 1993) and, as the exploration framed above has shown, gendered results more frequently reflect unpretentious cycles as opposed to obvious separation.

CONCLUSION

Ongoing many years have seen female instructive fulfillment and accomplishment levels equivalent, or outperform, those of their male partners in many created nations. Regardless of these changes, constant distinctions in sexual orientation are obvious in the sorts of subjects and courses taken by young ladies and men inside auxiliary and tertiary training. This section has illustrated a portion of the principal clarifications framed for these examples. Distinctions in sexual orientation in instructive accomplishment have been credited to more extensive social and work market factors, the methodology taken to understudy appraisal, the feminization of education, the example of homeroom cooperation, and the ‘laddish’ culture among young men, and the orientation blend of the school. Distinctions in sexual orientation in the field of review have been differently credited to organic elements, orientation isolation inside the work market, the idea of the school system, whether the school is co-educational or single-sex, and the development of specific circles of information as ‘male’ or ‘female’.

REFERENCES

1. Arnot, M. (2002) Reproducing Gender? London: Routledge Falmer.
2. Arnot, M., David, M. and Weiner, G. (1999) Closing the Gender Gap. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3. Arnot, M. and Miles, P. (2005) “A reconstruction of the gender agenda: the contradictory gender dimensions in New Labour’s educational and economic policy”, Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 173-189.
4. Askew, S. and Ross, C. (1988) Boys Don’t Cry: Boys and Sexism in Education. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
5. Ayalon, H. (1995). “Math as a Gatekeeper: Ethnic and Gender Inequality in Course-taking of the Sciences in Israel”, American Journal of Education, Vol. 104, pp.  34-56.

This article is written by Arpita Kaushal, a student of UILS, PUSSGRC , HOSHIARPUR.

ALLIANCE UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE is organizing INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022.

ABOUT

The want for better prospects on a global level necessitates a spilling over of the national boundaries by the business organizations. To make business happen successfully across borders a hassle-free single standardized business process is most solicited by the MNCs/TNCs. Such a uniform process, in turn, can create a uniform market pattern, standardized consumption style, and singularity in management/governance in every country in which these MNCs / TNCs operate. There are varied tools to achieve such standardization by business houses across the nations. These tools include an evenly accepted style in cutting-edge ICT; standardized market-friendly measures that promise every player in every country the same opportunity; internationally accepted trade rules and labor laws; intermediations of cross-border finance capital; a consistent style of typical business communication; the organizational practices that are meant to homogenously affect every employee; uniform trade statistics; and finally, broad-stroke generalization of issues of gender, environment, and inclusive growth.

ELIGIBILITY

Open to all students

THEME

FUTURE OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

SUB-THEMES

• Role of courts in International Arbitration
• Selecting an Arbitral Seat: Key Consideration
• Jurisdiction-specific issues in Arbitration
• Evidence in International Arbitration Procedure
• India as an International Commercial Arbitration Hub
• Alternative Dispute Resolution and Criminal Justice
• System India’s instance on the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Convention in relation to BankingNeed for Laws governing Mediation in India
• The emerging importance of Environment Social Governance (ESG) & its impact on the International Arbitration
• Cross Border Partnership and collaboration in International Arbitration
• The Role Diverse Bar Associations Play in Increasing DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) in ADR.
• Arbitration and Technology: Blockchain Arbitration and Smart Contracts
• Online ADR in India: Prospects
• Pre-Institution mediation in India: Future prospects
• Emergency Arbitration Comparison of Pre-Litigation Mediation in India with other countries and how other countries have mandated pre-litigation Mediation in Industrial Dispute and Labour
• Law Mediation in Multinational Dispute cases: National and International perspective
• Negotiation and Mediation in Banking and Insurance Sector
• Future of Lok Adalats Pre-Litigation Mediation and its implication in the Draft Mediation Bill, 2021
• Mediation in Family Disputes

DATES

12 NOVEMBER, 2022

REGISTRATIONS

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe_zIzDh2OmKz4MTHUB7wcXpNdubnSw1yWuOFBx0tZ3JXZlNw/viewform

SUBMISSIONS

acadr@alliance.edu.in

MODE

BLENDED

DEADLINE

September 30, 2022

CONTACT DETAILS

acadr@alliance.edu.in

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INTRODUCTION

Since before the arrival of the first colonists, income taxes have been a common idea. It is regarded as a tax that a citizen pays to the state, based on their income and the profits of their businesses. The state uses the money it receives from taxes for a variety of things, such as providing public services, building infrastructure, paying for the military and other forms of defense, and providing subsidies. The Income Tax Act of 1961 is a sophisticated and extensive statute that covers all of the different laws and rules that govern how the country administers its tax system. Income tax is levied, handled by, collected from, and collected by the Indian government. According to Section 4 of the Indian Income Tax Act, income tax will be assessed for the corresponding assessment year based on each person’s total previous-year income at the rates set out by the Finance Act. As the name suggests, tax deducted at source (TDS) aims to collect money right from the source of income. It combines the ideas of “pay as you earn” and “collect as it is being earned,” and is essentially an indirect method of “collecting tax.” It is important to the government because it gets ready for tax collection, guarantees a steady stream of income, and gives taxes a wider base and greater reach.

In addition, it offers the taxpayer a straightforward and practical method of payment while also distributing the tax’s incidence. The person receiving the income is typically responsible for paying income tax. However, the government makes sure that income tax is taken out of your payments in advance using provisions known as ‘Tax Deducted at Source.’ The net sum is given to the income recipient (after reducing TDS). The recipient will include the gross amount in his income and subtract the TDS amount from his overall tax obligation. The sum already withheld and paid on the recipient’s behalf is accepted as payment in full. The mentioned provisions are used to fulfill the recipient’s tax obligations. As a taxpayer, it is our responsibility to declare the amount of income we have earned and paid taxes on in our income tax return.

According to Section 192 of the Income Tax Act of 1961, anyone responsible for paying any income that is chargeable under the head ‘salary’ must deduct income tax from the assessee’s anticipated income under the head salary. The tax must be computed at the average income tax rate based on the rates currently in effect. The deduction must be made at the time of the actual payment. However, unless the estimated salary income exceeds the maximum amount exempt from the tax that applies to an individual during the relevant financial year, no tax is required to be withheld at the source. Once the tax has been deducted, it must be deposited in a government account, and the employee must be given a certificate of tax deducted at the source (also known as Form No. 16). The employee must include this certificate with his income tax return to receive the TDS credit on their income tax assessment.

Lastly, the employer/deductor must complete Form No. 24Q, Quarterly Statements, and submit it to the Income-tax Department. Salary is said to be the remuneration received by or accruing to an individual for service rendered as a result of an express or implied contract. The statute gives an inclusive but not exhaustive definition of salary. As per Sec. 17(1), salary includes therein-

• Wages
• Annuity or pension
• Gratuity
• fees, commission, perquisites, or profits in lieu of salary
• Advance salary
• Receipt from provident fund
• Contribution of the employer to a recognized provident fund in excess of the prescribed limit
• Leave encashment
• compensation as a result of variation of service contract etc.
• Government contribution to a pension scheme.

The law mandates that tax be withheld at source from earnings covered by the head salary. As a result, the existence of an employer-employee relationship is a requirement before a specific receipt can be taxed as a head salary. When an employee is subject to the employer’s right to direct how he carries out instructions in addition to working under his direct control and supervision, this type of relationship is said to exist. Therefore, the law essentially mandates the deduction of tax in the following situations: (a) When the employer pays the employee. The income under the head salaries is above the maximum amount not subject to tax, (b) the payment is in the nature of a salary, and (c) the payment has been made. Both payment and deduction of tax are in the hands of the employer.

Even if an individual or HUF is not subject to a tax audit, payments made by them that total more than Rs 50,000 per month must be TDS-deducted at a rate of 5%. Furthermore, individuals and HUF required to deduct TDS at 5% are exempt from applying for TAN. Your employer deducts TDS at the corresponding income tax slab rates. Banks deduct TDS at a rate of 10%. If they don’t have your PAN information, they may also deduct 20%. The income tax Act specifies the TDS rates for the majority of payments, and the payer deducts TDS based on these rates. If your total taxable income is less than the taxable limit and you provide your employer with investment proof (to claim deductions), you are not required to pay any tax. There should be no TDS deducted from your income as a result.

TDS on payment of pension– It has been clarified by CBDT vide circular No. 761 dt. 13/01/98 that in the case of pensioners receiving pension through nationalized banks, provisions of TDS are applicable in the same manner as they apply to the salary income.

TDS on Retirement Benefits: According to section 17, retirement benefits that an employee receives are taxable under the heading salaries as ‘profits in lieu of salaries’. As a result, they are subject to the TDS provisions outlined in Section 192 and other pertinent sections. As a result, when an employee retires, the employer must compute the TDS while taking these factors into account. However, some of these retirement benefits are either fully or partially exempt from taxation under Section 10.

COMPARISON OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES AND PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES

Rent-Free Accommodation (Unfurnished): It is a benefit that the employee receives from their employer. A prerequisite is simply a non-financial or in-kind benefit provided to an employee. According to the Act’s provisions, these are taxable in the employee’s hands.

• Government Employees: The taxable value of the benefit shall be the License Fees as determined by the Government for the allotment of houses. The License fee is quite nominal.
• Other Employees: House is owned by the Employer. The following shall be the taxable value of the perquisite-
  • If the Population exceeds 25 Lakhs, then 15% of salary.
  • If the Population ranges between 10-25 Lakhs, then 10% of salary.
  • In any other case, 7.5% of salary.

House is taken on lease or rent by the employer: The taxable value of perquisite shall be irrespective of the population. it shall be Actual Rent & 15% of salary whichever is lower.

• Gratuity:
  • Government Employees: The amount of Gratuity received is fully exempt from tax.
  • Other Employees: The Exemption shall be a minimum of the three:
    1. Actual Gratuity Received.
    2. Rs. 1,00,000(Likely to increased to Rs. 20,00,000).
    3. 15/26*Last drawn salary* Completed year of service or part thereof.
• Pension:
  • Government Employees: Fully Exempt.
  • Other Employees:
    1. Non- Government Employees in receipt of Gratuity: Only 1/3rd of the full value of the commuted pension is exempt from tax. So, technically you are required to pay tax on 2/3rd of the value of the commuted pension.
    2. Non-Government Employees not in receipt of Gratuity: Only 1/2nd of the full value of the commuted pension is exempt from tax. Here, you are required to pay tax on half of the value of the commuted pension.

Basis of Difference	Government Employees	Non-government Employees
Entertainment Allowance	Lower of below is allowed as a deduction: 1/5th of salary, or, Rs. 5000	Fully-taxable. No deduction is allowed
Rent-free Accommodation (Unfurnished)	The nominal License fee shall be taxable value.	Certain Percentages of salary shall be taxable value.
Foreign allowances or perquisites	Exempt	Not Exempt

CONCLUSION

The numerous tax benefits enjoyed by the government employee could be one of the reasons which give them an edge over the non-government employee. Tax deducted at Source (TDS), as the name implies, aims to collect money directly from the source of income. It is essentially an indirect way of “collecting tax,” combining the concepts of “pay as you earn” and “collect as it is being earned.” It is crucial to the government because it prepares for tax collection, ensures a consistent income stream, and expands the base and scope of taxes. It also distributes the tax’s incidence while providing the taxpayer with a simple and useful method of payment. Taxes on income are typically paid by the individual receiving the income. However, using a feature known as “Tax Deducted,” the government ensures that income tax is deducted from your payments in advance.

This article is written by Sanskar Garg, a last-year student at the School of Law, Devi Ahilya University, Indore.

About the Firm

Established in the year 2011, Anantam Legal in South City 1, Gurgaon, Delhi is a top player in the category Lawyers For Public Interest Litigation in Gurgaon, Delhi. This well-known establishment acts as a one-stop destination servicing customers both local and from other parts of Gurgaon, Delhi. Over the course of its journey, this business has established a firm foothold in its industry. The belief that customer satisfaction is as important as their products and services has helped this establishment garner a vast base of customers, which continues to grow by the day. This business employs individuals that are dedicated to their respective roles and put in a lot of effort to achieve the common vision and larger goals of the company. In the near future, this business aims to expand its line of products and services and cater to a larger client base. In Gurgaon, Delhi, this establishment occupies a prominent location. It is an effortless task in commuting to this establishment as there are various modes of transport readily available.

Anantam Legal is known to provide top services in the following categories: Lawyers, Lawyers For Property cases, Lawyers For Criminal, Lawyers For Divorce cases, Civil Lawyers, Lawyers For Supreme Court, Lawyers For High Court, and Lawyers For Matrimonial Cases.

About the Job

• Role: Associate

• Eligibility: PQE 0-2 years

• Location: Delhi

How to Apply?

Interested candidate can send their CV to anant@anantamlegal.com.

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Coordinating a fair trial for those who are inculpated of criminal offences, is the backbone of democracy. A ‘fair trial’ is one of the most important humanitarian aspects of criminal justice and, in a way, an important component reflected in the rule of law. Acknowledgement of the fairest possibility to the accused in order to prove their integrity is the key component of every fair trial. Escorting a fair trial is fruitful both to the accused as well as to the civilisation. A conviction arising from an unfair trial is conflicting with our theory of justice.

INTRODUCTION

A fair trial clearly would mean a trial before an unbiased judge, an honest prosecutor and an environment of judicial tranquillity. A fair trial means a trial in which there’s no discrimination, it is not influenced or twisted for, or against the inculpated and the witnesses or the source which is being tried. If the witnesses get terrorized or are imposed to give forged evidence that also would not score in a fair trial. The failure to gather necessary witnesses is certainly denying a fair trial. The right to a fair trial in a criminal prosecution is enshrined in Article 21. Additionally, Section 142 of the Evidence Act does not give power to the prosecution to put leading questions on the material part of the evidence that a witness intends to give against the accused. To do so infringes the right of the accused to have a fair trial which is enshrined in Article 21, this is not curable in irregularity. The right to have a fair trial, rigorously in terms of the Juvenile Justice Act which would involve procedural protection, is a fundamental right of the juvenile too.

CONCEPT OF A FAIR TRIAL

The right to a fair trial is not just a right furnished in our country but it is also promised by numerous other statutes worldwide. Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights concerns the Right to a fair trial. The Article states that everyone is authorized to have a fair and general hearing within a rational time. The trial must be directed by the liberated and unprejudiced court of law. The African Charter of Human Rights shields the nobility of humans and prevents unfair treatment under Article 5. Article 6 of the same charter also assures separate liberty and safety to a person. The right to a fair trial is promised under Article 7 which embraces several rights like the Right to appeal to adequate jurisdiction, to defence, to be tried and to be assumed decent until proven guilty. Article 14 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) furnishes the right to a fair trial and Article 16 gives a right to acknowledgement before the law. Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), promises the right to a fair trial. The precautions related to a fair trial in the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) are further intended and elaborated than the provisions in UDHR.

Principles of Fair Trial –

1. Presumption of integrity.
2. Unbiased, unprejudiced, equitable and competent judge.
3. Speedy and efficient trial.
4. The trial should be in an open court.
5. Proficiency of allegation on adequate occasions.
6. The trial is to be conducted in the presence of inculpated.
7. Evidence to be taken in presence of inculpated.
8. Cross-examination of prosecution witnesses.
9. Prohibition of vulnerability.
10. Legal help to be provided.

In Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar¹, the Supreme Court has laid great emphasis on speedy trial of criminal offences, and has emphasised: “It is implicit in the broad sweep and content of article 21.” A fair trial suggests a speedy trial. No strategy can be ‘judicious, fair or just’ unless that procedure establishes a speedy trial for the determination of the sin of such a person.

In Pratap Singh v. the State of Jharkhand², the Supreme Court held that the right to have a fair trial strictly in terms of the Juvenile Justice Act which would include procedural safeguards is a fundamental right of the juvenile.

The advent of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India³ strengthened the concept more. This is a landmark case of the post-emergency. It exhibits liberal propensities that have affected the Supreme Court in the matter of elucidating fundamental rights, particularly, Article 21. A great evolution has come about in the judicial perspective towards the guardianship of personal liberty after the agonizing experiences of the emergency from 1975 to 1977 when personal liberty had outstretched its nadir, as understandable by the Supreme Court. It performed as a catalytic agent for the evolution of the judicial opinion on Article 21 and has been enduring varied pay-off expansion of Constitutional Law in India.

Article 21 guarantees every person a right to life and personal liberty and uses four decisive expressions, viz., ‘life’, ‘personal liberty, ‘procedure’ and ‘law’.

1. Life: Bhagwati J., has perceived in Francis Coralie v. Delhi⁴, that the right to life comprises the right to live with human dignity and all that goes down with it, namely, the sustained demands of life such as sufficient nutrition, clothing and shelter above their head, reading, writing and expressing oneself in different forms, mobility and mixing and commingling with the contemporary environment.
2. Personal Liberty: M. C. Mehta v. Union of India^5, the Supreme Court commented that the term personal liberty is not cast-off in a myopic sense but has been used in Article 21 as a concise term to incorporate within it all those diversity of rights of a person which go to make up the personal liberty of a man. The liberty of a person has to be stabilized with his responsibilities and obligations towards his comrade citizens.
3. Law: Article 21 also takes in several species of law other than the laws enacted by the legislature. S. M. Sharma v. Shri Krishna Sinha⁶ said that the rules made by a House of the state legislature under Article 208 have been regulated as laying down procedures established by law for purposes of Article 21. Article 21 applies to the area of legislative privileges and, thus, a person cannot be imprisoned for breach of privilege of a legislature accepted following the procedure established by law. Proceedings held before the committee of privileges of a House of the legislature under the rules framed by it in pursuance of article 208 or article 118 are by procedures established by law.
4. Procedure: It is now established after Maneka Gandhi that procedure for reasons of Article 21 has to be reasonable, fair and just. The expression procedure acclaimed by law expands both to substantive as well as procedural law. A course of action not fulfilling the features is no course of action at all in the eyes of Article 21. In Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation⁷, the Supreme Court has again highlighted that the procedure directed by law for the seizure of the right vested by Article 21 must be fair, prejudiced and reasonable. The procedure directed by law for seizing a person of his right to life must abide by the norms of justice and fair play. The procedure which is unjust and biased in situations of a case, allures the voice of unreasonableness, thereby deteriorating the law which highlights that procedure and consequently, the measures taken under it.
5. The onus of proof: The presumption of innocence is a human right. Article 21 given its costly meaning not only protects life and liberty but also envisages a fair process. Similarly, under Article 21, the burden is never on the petitioner to prove that the procedure prescribed by law which deprives him of his life or personal liberty, is unjust, unreasonable or unfair. Bachan Singh is an authority to propose that in cases arising under Article 21 of the Constitution, if it appears that any person is being deprived of his life or his liberty, then the burden of proof establishes the State Constitutional validity of the applicable law.

CONCLUSION

Article 21 visualizes a fair trial, a fair procedure and a fair investigation. Such a right not only entitles the appellant to be informed of their fundamental right and statutory rights, but it is also mandatory on the part of the Special Public Prosecutor to record the necessary material before the judge to show the appeal. Fair investigation and fair trial are closely connected to the preservation of the fundamental rights of the accused under Article 21 of the constitution. Reasonableness would be determined by the facts and conditions of a case and the appraisal by the courts.

---

CITATIONS

¹ AIR 1979 SC 1360 : (1980) 1 SCC 81.

² AIR (2005) 3 SCC 551 : AIR 2005 SC 2731.

³ AIR 1975 SC 775 : (1975) 3 SCC 836.

⁴ AIR 1981 SC 746, 753 : (198) 1 SCC 608.

⁵ (2003) 5 SCC 376 : AIR 2003 SC 3496.

⁶ AIR 1959 SC 395, 410-11.

⁷ AIR 198 SC 180, AT 196-197 : (1985) 3 SCC 545.

This article is written by Ashmita Dhumas, who has completed her BA LLB from Agra College and is currently doing a diploma in Corporate Law from Enhelion.

Victimology is the study of the investigation of the exploitation and connection of casualty and wrongdoer and the cooperation among the casualty and the law enforcement framework. Wrongdoing is a result of society and social circumstances. Nobody is conceived as a criminal. “Each holy person has a past and each delinquent has a future,” goes a famous saying. Hindu Jurisprudence thinks about compensation and contemplation for criminals to have both ‘prayaschita’ and transformation.1 Each individual including criminals has a divine flash and what is expected on our part is to ignite and revive it to empower the general public to recover and, recover him and to re-establish and restore him in the public eye as a helpful, also useful individual. The motivation behind discipline in criminal cases is both reformatory and reformative. The reason is that the individual seen as at fault for committing an offense is made to understand his shortcoming and is stopped from rehashing such acts in the future. The reformative angle is intended to empower the individual worried to yield and atone for his activity and make himself OK to the general public as a valuable social being. From a restricted perspective, victimology is an observational, genuine investigation of survivors of wrongdoing and as such is firmly connected with criminal science and hence perhaps viewed as a piece of the overall issue of crime. In a more extensive sense, victimology is the whole assortment of information with regard to casualties, exploitation, and the endeavors of society to unreasonable the privileges of the person in question. Consequently, it is formed of information drawn from such fields as criminal science, regulation, medication, brain research, social work, legislative issues, training, and policy management.²

VICTIMOLOGY IN INDIA

In Rattan Singh v. Province of Punjab³, Krishna Iyer, J. held that ―it is a shortcoming of our statute that the survivors of the wrongdoing don’t draw in the consideration of regulation. Without a doubt, casualty restitution is as yet the evaporating point of our criminal regulation. This is a lack in the framework which should be rectified by the council. More consideration ought to be attracted to this matter.

In Maru Ram v. Association of India⁴, Krishna Iyer, J. held that while the social obligation of the criminal to re-establish the misfortune or mend the injury is a piece of the correctional activity, the length of the jail term is no restitution to the injured or dispossessed yet is vanity compounder with savagery. Victimology should track down satisfaction not through barbarity but rather by mandatory recoupment by the miscreant of the harm incurred not by giving more agony to the wrongdoer but rather by reducing the loss of the pitiful.

In Dayal Singh v State of Uttaranchal⁵, the Supreme Court held that the criminal preliminary is implied for doing equity to all-the charged, the general public, and the person in question. The courts not only realize the capability to guarantee that no blameless man is rebuffed, yet additionally that the liable man doesn’t get away.

CHILD AS A VICTIM OF CRIME

India records 19% of the world’s youngsters and 1/3rd of the country’s populace, for example, 440 million youngsters are under 18 years and almost 40% of the kids are needing care furthermore, security. On the off chance that the youngsters are not as expected prepped by shielding them from any sort of misuse, attack, and so on the destiny of our future society will be a question mark. Kids’ government assistance and security are fundamental for the brilliant eventual fate of India. Child misuse is a complicated issue and an extraordinary danger that involves serious concern. In the greater part of youngster misuse cases, ―the abuser is either connected with, a known individual or more unusual etc. It is extremely challenging to distinguish whether offender is an abuser because of reasons most popular either to the casualty youngster or to their folks.

A genuinely mishandled child implies a kid under 18 years old, whose guardians or others are concerned, causes upon the youngster an actual injury or real mischief, which incorporates beating, hitting, kicking, consuming, or in any case hurting a kid truly. The UNICEF, Save the kids, and Legislature of India together directed an overview in 2007 and viewed that as 65% of younger students in India are exposed to beating basically the school’s educators actually proceed to follow the well-known adage, spare the bar and ruin the child which was a conventional shrewdness.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MISTREATMENT AND CHILD NEGLECT

It is basically an embarrassment for youngsters. It is otherwise called obnoxious attack, mental maltreatment, and mental abuse. It incorporates acts or inability to act by guardians, overseers, peers, companions, family members, and others that have caused or could cause serious conduct, mental, close to home, or mental trouble/injury. Psychological mistreatment can have all the more dependable negative mental impacts than some other types of misuse.⁶

In Smriti Madan Kansagra v. Perry Kansagra⁷, it was held that guiltless youngsters are utilized as the apparatuses of retaliation by malicious prosecutors who cause extreme mental maltreatment for the kid, in this way truly influencing the kid in his/her later piece of life.

“Disregard” has not to be understood from a restricted perspective of refusal to give food and dress, yet from a more extensive perspective in the setting of the current day social yearnings and necessities of kids which incorporate, love, due care and concern, training and so on. At the point when a youngster endures disregard in the setting of this large number of fundamental necessities, he makes certain to be genuinely hit, reflecting unfavorably upon her intellectual capacity and that is mental injury.⁸

Child sexual maltreatment, as per P.D. Mathew, incorporates utilizing, utilizing, actuating, or forcing, any kid to take part in illegal and reach, it additionally incorporates the utilization of youngsters helping other people to take part in express sex.

The term ‘missing youngsters’ incorporates runaway children, kids who are kidnapped, and those who get lost or isolated from their families. Be that as it may, the single biggest part adding to these enormous numbers is runaway kids between the ages gathering of 10 and 18. While some leave home for paltry reasons like not having any desire to study, others are compelled to escape from what they say is a hopeless existence. Many pass on their homes to get by or to get away from misuse, while a huge number succumb to trafficking.⁹

VICTIMIZATION AGAINST WOMEN

Orientation-based savagery targets influence ladies and young ladies lopsidedly. Around 1 of every 3 ladies overall have encountered sexual and different types of savagery. Ladies are likewise considerably more reasonable than men to be killed by their close accomplices or relatives. Violations including brutality against ladies are among the most under-announced and to the least extent liable to end in conviction. Survivors frequently face critical hindrances because of holes in criminal regulation and system, orientation generalizations, casualty accusing, and deficient actions of law enforcement establishments and experts, prompting optional exploitation.

Viciousness against ladies and young ladies is one of the world’s most pervasive common freedoms infringement, occurring consistently, many times over, across the globe. It has serious short-and long haul physical, monetary, and mental results on ladies especially young, forestalling their full and equivalent support in the public arena. The greatness of its effect, both in the existence of people, families, and society, all in all, is unfathomable.¹⁰ Conditions made by the pandemic – including lockdowns, diminished versatility, elevated confinement, stress and monetary vulnerability – have prompted a disturbing spike in aggressive behavior at home and have additionally uncovered ladies and young ladies to different types of viciousness, from kid union with lewd behavior on the web.

CONCLUSION

The effect of wrongdoing on the people in question and the families can range from serious physical and mental wounds to gentle disturbances. A survey¹¹ of the lawful structure according to freedoms of survivors of wrongdoing uncovers that aside from giving pay, very little has been done either legally or through plans to address the whole scope of issues looked at by casualties of wrongdoing. Because of the shortfall of any regulation on this angle the victim of wrongdoing for example the casualty is appeared to be overlooked. Notwithstanding, it is expressed that in India the casualties don’t have legitimate freedoms and security, they have the right to assume their part in criminal procedures which will quite often bring about disinterestedness in the procedures and subsequent twists in law enforcement organizations. Numerous casualties don’t go to the police out of dread of unfriendly exposure and pointless provocation. Be that as it may, in the event of youngsters, he is obscure to the equity arrangement of the country which results in the expansion in the unregistered cases which prompts the disappointment of rebuilding of the youngster into the general public. Aside from the deferral or even shortfall of equity, the casualties face comparable rates sometimes and they track down a protected spot in the public eye and see no future possibilities for carrying on with their existence with poise. In respect of this, the courts need to show the incredible feeling of obligation and to be more delicate while managing issues where a youngster is a person in question.

CITATIONS

¹ Karamjit Singh v. State AIR 2000 SC 3457.

² Randhawa, Gurpreet Singh, Victimology and Compensatory Jurisprudence, 1st Ed., Central Law Publications,

Allahabad, 2011, p. 42.

³ Rattan Singh v. Province of Punjab, 1979 (4) SCC 719.

⁴ Maru Ram v. Association of India, Krishna Iyer, 1981 (1) SCC 107.

⁵ Dayal Singh v State of Uttaranchal, 2012 (8) SCC 263.

⁶ Deccan Herald dt. 14th August 2009.

⁷ Smriti Madan Kansagra v. Perry Kansagra, MANU/DE/0386/2017.

⁸ Lubna Mehraj and Ors. v. Mehraj-ud-Din Kanth, MANU/JK/0252/2003.

⁹ Humaira Ansari &Surekha S. “Missing‖ DNA, Mumbai, 19 July 2008.

¹⁰ Ending violence against women, https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/faqs/types-of-violence ( available at 2 July,2022).

¹¹ Kumaravelu Chockalingam, ― Measures for Crime Victims in the Indian Criminal Justice System.

This article is written by Arpita Kaushal, a student of UILS, PUSSGRC, HOSHIARPUR.

About the Firm

Step Next Legal’s advocates & legal consultants provide services to large organizations, companies, SMEs, NGOs, government organizations, and individuals. They observe the highest standards of professional ethics and responsibilities in all areas. They have been consulted by many clients with their footprints in India and overseas. Through hard work and determination, they consistently achieve extraordinary results for their clients. 

About the Internship

Mode of Internship: Offline/Physical
Duration: Immediate joining, two months (July and August)
Area of Interest: Civil, Criminal, IPR, Arbitration
Eligibility: Only 4th and 5th-year students.
No. of Position(s): 2

How to Apply?

Interested candidates can send their updated CV to ramitrana89@gmail.com.

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GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY is organizing the 4th V.S. Mani Memorial National Essay Competition.

ABOUT

The V.S. Mani Centre for Air and Space Law (VSMCASL), Gujarat National Law University along with the support of the generous grant from Prof. Stephan Hobe, Institute of Air Law, Space Law and Cyber Law, University of Cologne, Germany launches the 4th Prof. V.S. Mani Memorial National Essay Competition 2022. The Essay Competition is an endeavor to commemorate the inspiring contribution of Prof. (Dr.) V.S. Mani in the field of international law, particularly air and space law.

THEME

The essay should focus on any contemporary issue of ‘Air and Space Law’.

OBJECTIVE

To encourage and provide an opportunity for research to the students having a passion for Air and Space Law.

ELIGIBILITY

The competition is open to students pursuing UG/PG (Law) in India. The students shall register by filling the online form.

GUIDELINES

1. Submission shall be made in the online mode only.
2. Submission shall be in English.
3. Submission needs to be original. Plagiarism shall result in disqualification.
4. Submission shall not be under consideration for any publication.
5. Topic once registered shall not be changed. Co-authorship is permitted up to a maximum of two authors.
6. A cover page with title of the Essay, name and affiliation of author/co-authors shall be attached.
7. Any identification mark (in any form) in the essay shall lead to disqualification.
8. Multiple or incomplete submissions shall not be considered.
9. Word limit: 4000 – 6000 words (excluding references).
10. Submission below or above the word limit shall not be considered.
11. Citation style: OSCOLA (4 th Edition).
12. Font: Times New Roman; Font size-12; Spacing- 1.5.
13. Any contribution received after the last date shall not be considered.
14. Submit text as a Microsoft Word document (.doc or .docx).
15. Selection will be done through two-tier blind review.
16. The decision of the Selection Committee shall be final.
17. Essays will be evaluated on the following criteria: depth of analysis, cogency of arguments, structure, feasibility of suggestions, language and references in support.
18. By way of submission, authors of the essays which are awarded prize money and certificates of merit, agree that Copyright therein shall vest in VSMCASL.

PRIZES

1. 1st Prize: ₹11,000/-
2. 2nd Prize: ₹10,000/-
3. 3rd Prize: ₹9,000/-
4. 1st Consolation Prize: ₹3,000/-
5. 2nd Consolation Prize: ₹2,000/-

SUBMISSIONS

Electronically mailed only to-

vsmec@gnlu.ac.in

DEADLINE

31st July 2022

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScLeQvpZPCwosXg-CSeZBy7dZ3t3T47WSb5V8PWGb9f6-GeDA/viewform

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About Lawpretation Legal:

Lawpretation Legal is a partnership law firm run by two partners alumni of Campus Law Center, DU since 2015. Deals in all kinds of legal issues/cases throughout Delhi. Also, works for social causes by filling various writ petitions and PILs. which are published in various leading newspapers time and again. Adv. Manan Aggarwal (partner), empanelled in MCD, has also served as a local commissioner during the Covid times for the amicus for covid issues. Adv. Vinay Kumar (partner), is also empanelled in DLSA.

About the Internship opportunity:

The firm is looking for a driven candidate who is willing to learn the basics and tactics of law through practical experiences in the courts of Delhi. A team of young and dynamic lawyers who believe in giving equal and just opportunities to the intern for a great learning experience.

Location: Delhi
Office: Model Town 1

Duration of the internship: No bar for the duration of the internship period depends purely on the working/liking of the intern and associates.

Eligibility:
Any law student from any law college, who is willing to learn and work.
We do not believe in brand names, but in the enthusiasm of the student.

Stipend and certificates:
A certificate will be provided at the completion of the internship period.
The stipend will include the travelling expenses during the working hours for official work.

How to Apply?

Interested candidates can email their CV to lawpretation@gmail.com.

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