This article is written by PRANIT BHAGAT pursuing BA-LLB from ILS Law College, Pune. In this article, he has discussed the major differences between civil and criminal negligence with examples.
Introduction
Negligence is considered both civil as well as criminal wrong. We need to know and understand that the concept of negligence is derived out of the basic word that we all have been subject to.
Understanding the Concept of Negligence in law
The word “negligence” stands for “carelessness”. Thus, we can define this as a situation where one person is injured or is harmed due to the carelessness of the other person. The other person does not harm directly but due to an act that he committed negligently is the tort of negligence committed. It is when one person owes another person, the duty of care, which means that any other ordinary person would have taken care if he would have been there in his place, therefore negligence is where due to the failure of one person to take care, another person suffers harm, damage, injury or loss. There are some situations in which there exists no contractual relationship between two parties and it is neither written nor implied. These situations are civil and where there exists a contractual relationship that is where the concept of criminal liability arises. For example in a case where the doctor is treating a patient in the surgical room, if the patient has signed the contract where it is mentioned that the doctor will not be liable in case of death, then there exists a contract but if the patient dies not because of the disease but because of the negligent act that the doctor committed then it is criminal negligence.
Essentials of Negligence
There are a few essentials of negligence that are needed to be fulfilled before one can claim that negligence has been committed. They are appended below:-
- Duty of Care
This means that there exists a duty of care in everything you do. The action of a person is tested upon whether any prudent man would have done the same in similar circumstances, therefore the duty of care means to take reasonable care of what you are doing.
- Breach of Duty of care
It is the breach of the duty of care which should be present in the negligent act, which means that if the act is done with the reasonable care and protection as any other prudent man would do, then there arises no question of the negligence being into question.
- There must be an injury or harm caused
Now, the third important element that needs to be taken into consideration is that there needs to be an injury, harm or loss to the person because of the breach of the duty of care on the part of the other person. Therefore, the negligent act will come to the cognizance of the court only when the injury is caused to the person.
- The injury or harm caused must be as a result of the breach of duty of care
This means that the previous act of the injury being caused is complete to be called as negligent act when it has done because of the breach of the duty to take care of the part of the other. So, it is when the other person fails to perform his or her duty towards the other, which any other prudent man would do in the ordinary course of the situation, and injury is caused to the person because of the failure to take care of the other, negligence is said to have been committed.
Defences to Negligence
Negligence can always be an appropriate trick to target anyone; therefore, there are defences available that prove that it is not always that the act has to be negligent. These defences are appended below:-
- Inherent Risk
So, when we talk about inherent risk, it means when the act itself is dangerous enough that it is dangerous and any prudent man would not engage in such an act, or any other prudent man would have done the same thing as the defendant has done, therefore in such cases, the defendant would not be liable of the negligence of which he is charged in the court.
For instance, when some dangerous animal approaches towards me, I run and while I Run, I take the knife from your cake shop and ruin your cakes, because of which you suffer losses and damage. So, I cannot be negligent because the animal that is running behind me is dangerous and if I do not take the knife from your cake shop, I would have died, therefore my act of picking the knife from your cake shop was not negligent and was an intentional act. The circumstance involved an inherent danger. Therefore, I cannot be charged with negligence.
- Obvious Risk
So, in this kind of defence, we talk about something very obvious. Where the act was done by the defendant was an obvious reaction to the primary action, the defendant cannot be blamed for negligence.
For Instance, were due to the spillage of oil, I slipped holding onto you and then you got hurt, I will not be held liable for the negligent act.
- Voluntary Assumption of Risk
I see a gun-shot approaching towards me and I jump pushing you ahead of me, in that case, I presumed that the gun-shot is coming towards me and the sudden reaction to the presumption was me jumping at you. In that case, I will not be held liable.
- Dangerous Recreational Activity
Dangerous recreational activity is when we participate in an activity for recreational purposes, but that activity is inherently dangerous and the participation in which would be a voluntary act, I will not be held liable for the negligent act.
So, where I participate in a sea diving activity and drown and die, the person who took me for sea diving will not be held liable for any negligent act or my death because it was me who went for that activity, therefore he cannot be held negligently liable for injuries caused to be or harm caused to me.
- Exclusion of Liabilities
In this what happens is that the defendant tries to modify their exposure to liability by stipulating a reduction or even exclusion from liability. Exclusion of liability means that the defendant tries to maintain a relationship with the plaintiff, to avoid the liability on them. Therefore, when the defendant tries to enter the premises of the plaintiff according to the will of the plaintiff that is the exclusion of liability. There lies an exception to this, i.e. when the term is used in the broader sense, reliance cannot be placed upon it because it loses its essence.
- Illegality
This defence means that there is illegality in the action done by both the plaintiff and the defendant, which means that there exists a common action based on illegal terms and therefore, if the plaintiff sues the defendant for causing harm negligently, then the defendant can claim that the act itself was illegal and therefore, the suit does not stand.
For instance, when both the plaintiff and the defendant together keep a tiger to tame in their house, and one day the defendant opens the cage and the tiger destroys the lawn, the plaintiff cannot sue the defendant for opening the cage of the tiger because keeping the tiger for taming purpose or any other purpose is illegal according to the law of the land.
- Inevitable Accidents
This means that accidents which are inevitable and over which the defendant has no control, he cannot be sued for the same.
For instance, If I am travelling through a toy train and buy a ticket from the ticket counter, and that train gets de-railed in between because of which I get hurt. So, I cannot sue the ticket distributors for not informing me about the derailing, even they were not aware of this inevitable accident. Therefore, they are not liable.
- Contributory Negligence
So, contributory negligence means where both parties are involved, no one party can be blamed for it. This means that when both the parties contribute to the action, and that action turns the table for one of them, the other one cannot be sued because it was both of them who contributed to the negligence of the act and therefore, it was contributory negligence.
Now that we know what negligence means, what its essentials are, and what its defences are, let us get into the practical aspect of the negligence and what people face in their daily lives.
Cases of Criminal Negligence
- When a person is driving a car and texting at the same time, and in the meanwhile breaks someone else’s car, he is criminally negligent because the criminal laws of the land, do not allow texting and driving. Similarly, in a case where a person is drinking and driving and kills someone on the road, he can be held criminally negligent. The reason for this is that killing is a crime and similarly drinks and driving is also a crime, therefore he can be sued and held criminally liable.
- When a nurse in a nursing home forgets to feed the patient and the patient dies because of the negligent act of the nurse that is when the nurse could be held criminally liable because it is because of her criminal negligence that the patient is put forward for a risk to life.
- A caregiver in a hospital who is not paying attention and who provides someone with a deadly dose of medication could be considered criminally negligent.
- A person who is supposed to be a caretaker of the nursery and fails to take care, in lieu to which someone takes away the child of another, can be held criminally negligent.
Advocates liability for Negligence in criminal cases
Section 5 of the Legal Practitioner’s (Fees) Act, 1925 defines the Indian position on advocates’ liability for negligence. No legal practitioner who has acted or has agreed to act shall, by reason only of being a legal practitioner be exempted from liability to be sued in respect of any loss or injury due to any negligence in the conduct of his professional duties.
Civil Negligence
There are different types of Civil Negligence, just as the way criminal negligence is. A lot of common day examples prove that negligence even in the ordinary sense can take us to courts. Some of the examples of civil negligence are as follows:-
1. A store which is very popular for the beers, and usually has a lot of traffic inside the store, holds a sale in the mid-season without any security can be held negligent in his acts.
2. A pharmaceutical company if launches a drug without testing it on the humans can be held negligent.
3. A driver who runs a stop sign and goes beyond the prescribed speed limit can be held negligent.
4. A person who owns a dog and leaves him open in the courtyard of another and the dog destroys the garden of another. The person can be held negligent.
5. If a person who owns a dog, leaves a dog open in the playground and the dog attacks the cat of another and injures her, the person can be held negligent.
6. An office where mopping is in process and does not put a sign of wet floor can be held negligent.
7. A company that does not gets incorporated according to the SEBI guidelines, can be held negligent.
8. A doctor who operates on the wrong patient can be considered negligent.
Conclusion
Therefore, in the above-mentioned circumstances, different levels of negligence can be traced. Some negligence may be civil while the other may be criminal. If we stop doing negligent acts, we will stop tolerating them too, and then only we will become careful about our actions about what we speak and what we do.